Nature in Spain

Puebla de San Miguel Natural Park

Puebla de San Miguel

Parque Natural de la Puebla de San Miguel is a natural park covering nearly the entire municipality of Puebla de San Miguel, in the province of Valencia, eastern Spain. It was officially declared a natural park on May 25, 2007. The area sits in the most rugged part of the Rincón de Ademuz region — a geographic enclave wedged between the provinces of Cuenca and Teruel, on the western foothills of the Sierra de Javalambre. The park's coordinates are roughly 40.048° N, -1.126° E. How large is the park and what makes it distinctive? The park spans 6,390 hectares, making it one of the larger protected areas in the Valencian Community. More than a third of its surface lies above 1,400 meters in altitude, and the landscape is defined by steep slopes with almost no flat ground. Its highest point is Alto de las Barracas, rising to 1,839 meters — also the highest peak in the entire Valencian Community. This elevation and rugged terrain give the park a distinctly mountainous character, quite different from the Mediterranean coastline typically associated with the region. What plant and animal life does the park support? The park protects a set of unique ecosystems: groves of Spanish juniper (savin), holm oak forests, and — of particular ecological value — the largest population of yew trees found anywhere in Valencia province. This variety of habitats supports rich wildlife. Three protected butterfly species live here, including Graelsia isabellae, the largest butterfly found in the Valencian Community. Mammals include small populations of mouflon and deer, roe deer, and small carnivores. The rocky, hard-to-access terrain has helped these populations persist with relatively little disturbance. What else is there to see beyond the natural surroundings? The village of Puebla de San Miguel, around which the park extends, also holds cultural heritage worth a visit. It has an ethnographic museum documenting the traditional way of life in this mountain region, along with chapels dedicated to San Roque and the Inmaculada Concepción. The area also preserves traces of past industrial activity: old tile-firing kilns and remains of ovens once used to produce pitch and lime. These sites show that, despite its isolation, the land now covered by the park was inhabited and economically active for centuries. Who is this park suited for, and how is it typically visited? Given its mountainous character and the absence of larger towns nearby, Parque Natural de la Puebla de San Miguel appeals mainly to hikers and nature observers looking for contact with a wild, largely unaltered landscape. Its elevation and position at the meeting point of three provinces offer a very different side of Valencia than the one associated with its beaches — a rugged, mountainous environment home to plant and animal species rarely found elsewhere in the region. Frequently Asked Questions Where exactly is the park located? The park lies within the municipality of Puebla de San Miguel, in Valencia province, in the Rincón de Ademuz region, bordering the provinces of Cuenca and Teruel. What is the park's highest point? Alto de las Barracas, at 1,839 meters — the highest peak in the entire Valencian Community. What makes this park ecologically distinctive? It holds the largest yew tree population in Valencia province, along with three protected butterfly species, including the large Graelsia isabellae. Is there anything to see besides nature? Yes — an ethnographic museum, historic chapels, and preserved old kilns once used for tile firing and pitch production.

Prat de Cabanes-Torreblanca Natural Park

Prado de Cabanes-Torreblanca Natural Park is a coastal wetland in the province of Castellón, within the Comunidad Valenciana region of Spain, spread across the municipalities of Cabanes and Torreblanca. Covering roughly 865 hectares, it ranks among the most valuable wetland ecosystems along Spain's Mediterranean coastline. Regional authorities granted it natural park status in December 1994, and its ecological importance reaches well beyond Spain's borders — the site is included on the list of Wetlands of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention of 1971. What makes this wetland ecologically significant? Prado de Cabanes-Torreblanca is a mosaic of saltwater lagoons, shallow pools, seasonally flooded ground, and a strip of coastal dunes separating the park from the Mediterranean Sea. This combination of habitats makes the area essential for the life cycles of numerous species, particularly those tied to aquatic environments. Its proximity to the sea and the humid Mediterranean microclimate help the lagoons retain water for most of the year, a condition that is critical for the wildlife that depends on it. Which species live in the park? The park is best known for two fish species endemic to the Comunidad Valenciana region — the samaruc and the fartet. Both are protected and classified as endangered, and the populations found here are among the most significant in the region. The birdlife is equally notable. Nesting species recorded in the park include the collared pratincole, the Montagu's harrier, the moustached warbler, and the black-winged stilt. Seasonal visitors such as the little bittern and the common coot are also observed, and the diversity of waterbirds draws researchers and birdwatchers from across Europe. What is the landscape and climate like? The park's landscape is shaped by a typical Mediterranean climate with strong maritime influence — mild winters, hot summers, and rainfall concentrated mainly in autumn. The terrain is dominated by flat, extensive wetlands crossed by channels and raised paths, which allow visitors to observe wildlife without disturbing the fragile balance of the ecosystem. A narrow band of coastal dunes separates the lagoons from the beach, acting as a natural buffer that protects the interior of the park from erosion and soil salinization. Is it worth visiting with children or as a birdwatcher? For anyone interested in ornithology, Prado de Cabanes-Torreblanca is one of the more important sites on Spain's eastern coast — the calm setting and marked trails make birdwatching accessible even for beginners. Families with children can enjoy walks along the raised paths overlooking open stretches of water, though it's worth keeping in mind that tourist infrastructure here is modest and geared primarily toward conservation rather than mass tourism. Frequently asked questions Where exactly is the park located? On the coast of Castellón province, between the municipalities of Cabanes and Torreblanca, in the Comunidad Valenciana region. How large is the protected area? Around 865 hectares. When did it receive natural park status? In December 1994, by decision of the Comunidad Valenciana regional government. Which species receive special protection here? The samaruc and the fartet, two endangered fish species endemic to the region, along with numerous waterbird species. Does the park have international recognition? Yes, it is listed as a Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention.

Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park

Sobrarbe

Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park is one of the oldest protected areas in Spain, located in the Pyrenees, in the Sobrarbe region. Protection of this land dates back to 1918, when a national park covering the Ordesa Valley was first established. Today the protected area spans 156.08 square kilometres, making it one of the larger national parks in the Spanish Pyrenees. How large is the park and when was it founded? The park has a long history of nature protection. It was originally created in 1918, covering only the Ordesa Valley itself. In 1982 the protected area was significantly enlarged to cover the whole surrounding region, extending well beyond the valley that gave the park its original name. The park's current area amounts to 156.08 square kilometres. It sits at coordinates around 42.67°N, 0.06°E, placing it in the central section of the Pyrenean mountain range, close to the Spanish-French border. What kind of protected area is it? Ordesa y Monte Perdido holds the status of a Category II national park under the classification system of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). IUCN Category II designates protected areas managed primarily to safeguard large-scale ecological processes and ecosystems, while also providing opportunities for visitors to experience the area through tourism, recreation and education carried out in ways compatible with conservation. This category is typically applied to areas of outstanding natural value that are, at the same time, meant to remain accessible to the public. Where exactly is the park located? The park lies in the Pyrenees, within the Sobrarbe region, in the province of Huesca, in Aragon, Spain. The Pyrenees form a mountain range stretching along the border between Spain and France, known for high peaks, deep valleys and dramatic rock formations. The park's position within this range links it to the broader transboundary character of the Pyrenean mountains — on the French side of the range, other protected natural areas exist, together forming a wider network of high-mountain conservation across the two countries. Frequently asked questions When was Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park established? Protection of the area began in 1918, with a national park covering the Ordesa Valley. The park reached its current extent following the 1982 enlargement. How large is the protected area? Following the 1982 expansion, the park covers 156.08 square kilometres. What protection category does the park have? It is classified as an IUCN Category II protected area, a designation used for parks managed mainly to conserve ecosystems while allowing nature-compatible tourism. Where is the park located? In the Pyrenees, in the Sobrarbe region of Spain, at approximately 42.67°N, 0.06°E. Did the park always cover its current area? No — it originally covered only the Ordesa Valley when created in 1918. Its present, much larger extent dates from the 1982 enlargement.

Tablas de Daimiel National Park

Daimiel

Tablas de Daimiel National Park protects one of central Spain's most unusual landscapes — an extensive wetland set within the dry plains of La Mancha. The park lies in the province of Ciudad Real, with its territory spanning parts of the municipalities of Daimiel and Villarrubia de los Ojos. Covering roughly 3,000 hectares, it is the smallest of Spain's fifteen national parks. What makes this place unusual? The contrast between La Mancha's arid, agricultural surroundings and the park's wet, marshy ecosystem is what sets Tablas de Daimiel apart from other protected areas in Spain. It stands as a rare inland wetland in a region defined by scarce rainfall and long-standing competition for water between farming and nature. The park's name reflects the flat, shallow floodplains ("tablas") formed where rivers spread out near the town of Daimiel. Why was the area protected? The site was designated for protection because of the singular character of its wetlands within an otherwise dry region. Over time, though, it became clear that the boundaries of the original nature reserve were not enough on their own to guarantee the wetland's survival, which is why the protected area is now going through an expansion process. What is happening to the park today? The protected area is currently being expanded beyond its original nature reserve boundaries to take in neighbouring dryland farming areas. This expansion is part of a broader effort to improve the condition of the wetland, which has suffered from over-exploitation of water resources. Decades of pressure on groundwater and surface water across La Mancha have affected the health of the park's floodplains, prompting conservation authorities to work on reducing water extraction for agriculture around the park. What should visitors know about the surrounding area? The park sits at the heart of La Mancha, a region best known for its dry, steppe-like landscape and its vineyards and cereal fields. Against that backdrop, the presence of an active wetland makes Tablas de Daimiel a striking natural exception. Its proximity to the towns of Daimiel and Villarrubia de los Ojos makes the park relatively easy to reach for anyone travelling through the province of Ciudad Real. Frequently asked questions Where exactly is Tablas de Daimiel located? The park is located in the province of Ciudad Real, across the municipalities of Daimiel and Villarrubia de los Ojos, in the dry La Mancha region. Why is it the smallest national park in Spain? It covers about 3,000 hectares, the smallest area among Spain's fifteen national parks, though efforts are underway to expand it. What threats does the park face? The main challenge is over-exploitation of water resources in the surrounding region, which has damaged the wetland's condition. Are the park's boundaries changing? Yes — the protected area is currently being expanded beyond the original nature reserve to include neighbouring farmland, as part of efforts to better protect the wetland ecosystem.

Minho River

Pias

Miño is a river flowing through the north-western part of the Iberian Peninsula, entirely within Spain. It isn't the longest river on the peninsula, but its hydrological behaviour makes it one of the more distinctive watercourses in the region, and the landscape it shapes around towns such as Pias draws travellers looking for a greener, wetter side of Spain. How long is the Miño river? The river runs for about 310 kilometres. On the scale of the Iberian Peninsula that makes it a mid-sized watercourse — it doesn't match the length of the largest rivers in the region, but its importance for the surrounding landscape and nature is far greater than its length alone would suggest. What makes the Miño basin unusual? The river's drainage basin covers roughly 20,000 square kilometres, a relatively small area by Iberian standards. Paradoxically, it is precisely this modest catchment, combined with the region's specific climate, that makes the Miño behave differently from most other rivers on the peninsula. Why does the river carry so much water? The key factor is rainfall, which in the region averages around 1,400 millimetres a year — far above the average for most of Spain, where the climate tends to be considerably drier. Thanks to this abundant rainfall, water levels in the Miño stay noticeably higher than in other rivers on the Iberian Peninsula, even ones that are considerably longer. It is this feature, rather than length, that defines the river's hydrological significance in the region. How much water does the Miño discharge at its mouth? The average flow measured at the river's mouth is about 340 cubic metres per second. That's an impressive figure given the river's moderate length and relatively small catchment area, and it confirms just how strongly local rainfall patterns in north-western Spain shape the Miño's water volume. Where exactly does the Miño flow? The river runs through the north-western part of the Iberian Peninsula, entirely within Spanish territory. This part of the country, which includes the historic region of Galicia, has a humid, oceanic climate quite different from the drier interior of the peninsula — which explains both the high rainfall and the lush, green vegetation typically associated with the land along the river's course. What should visitors around Pias know? The town of Pias lies within the reach of the Miño valley, in a landscape shaped by a humid climate and consistently high water levels. For visitors, that translates into green, moisture-rich surroundings and scenery typical of the Galician part of Spain — a striking contrast to the dry, sun-baked images usually associated with the rest of the country. The river itself, thanks to its steady, high flow, serves as an important geographical landmark and a natural point of reference for anyone exploring the area. Frequently asked questions Is the Miño a large river? In terms of length (310 km) and basin area (about 20,000 km²) it's a mid-sized river, but in terms of water flow — thanks to the region's heavy rainfall — it behaves like a much larger watercourse. Where is the Miño river located? In the north-western part of the Iberian Peninsula, entirely within Spain. Why does the Miño carry so much water despite its small basin? Because of the region's abundant rainfall, averaging about 1,400 mm a year — far more than in most of Spain. What is the average flow at the river's mouth? About 340 cubic metres per second.

Encoro de Abegondo-Cecebre

Abegondo

Encoro de Abegondo-Cecebre is a reservoir in Galicia, near the city of A Coruña, formed at the confluence of the Mero and Barcés rivers. It was built in 1975 to supply drinking water to A Coruña, and its waters flow onward into the neighboring Cecebre reservoir. The reservoir sits on the shared boundary of five municipalities — Abegondo, Betanzos, Cambre, Carral, and Oza dos Ríos — about twenty minutes from downtown A Coruña. Why visit this reservoir? The area around the reservoir is far more than water infrastructure. Covering more than 490 hectares, it belongs to the Natura 2000 network: it was designated a Site of Community Importance in 2004 and has been a Special Area of Conservation since 2014. That combination makes the surroundings of the encoro one of the more valuable natural sites in the A Coruña region, blending a practical water-supply role with habitat protection. What wildlife lives around the reservoir? The variety of species here is striking for a site so close to a major city. Ornithologists have recorded more than 200 bird species, making it a notable spot for birdwatching in Galicia. The wetlands and waters around the reservoir are also home to at least seven reptile species and eleven amphibian species. Among mammals, visitors may come across signs of otters, badgers, and even wildcats, which points to a healthy local ecosystem. What does the reservoir basin look like? Water depth varies across the reservoir — averaging around six meters, with the deepest points reaching up to fifteen meters. Where the rivers flow into the reservoir, marshy backwaters have formed, with flood-prone meadows and woodlands of significant ecological value that serve as natural habitat for many of the species mentioned above. Who is this destination for? Encoro de Abegondo-Cecebre is aimed mainly at people looking for nature close to the city — walkers, birdwatchers, and anyone curious to see how a water-supply reservoir coexists with a protected natural area. Its proximity to A Coruña means a visit can fit into just a few hours without planning a full day trip, while still offering a real sense of distance from urban life. Frequently asked questions What is Encoro de Abegondo-Cecebre used for? The reservoir supplies drinking water to A Coruña and its surroundings, and its water also feeds the nearby Cecebre reservoir. When was the reservoir built? It was built in 1975 on the Mero and Barcés rivers. Is the area around the reservoir protected? Yes, it has been protected as a Site of Community Importance since 2004 and as a Special Area of Conservation since 2014, as part of the Natura 2000 network. What animals can be found here? Mainly more than 200 bird species, along with otters, badgers, wildcats, and reptiles and amphibians living in the wetland areas. How deep is the reservoir? Average depth is around six meters, with a maximum depth of about fifteen meters.

Brañas de Xestoso

A Estrada

Brañas de Xestoso is a wetland area of lagoons, peat bogs and moorland straddling the boundary between the municipalities of Forcarei, Silleda and A Estrada, in the high plains where the mountains separating the Deza and Tabeirós districts level out. Covering more than 1,000 hectares, the site was added to the Natura 2000 network in 2001 as a Special Conservation Area (ZEC), making it one of the most valuable natural spaces in this part of Galicia. What can you find at Brañas de Xestoso? The landscape is shaped by shallow lagoons, wide stretches of heather moorland and scattered pockets of oak woodland, but the defining feature is the acid peat bog. Within the area lies the Lagoa Sacra de Olives, described as holding the largest expanse of acid peat bog anywhere in Galicia. The ecosystem is believed to have formed after the last glaciation, roughly 12,000 years ago, which places it among the older wetland environments on the Iberian Peninsula. Why is this place so important for nature? Peat bogs and wet meadows are rare, fragile habitats — they store water, slow its runoff and create distinctive conditions for bog vegetation and water-dependent bird species. It is this ornithological richness that draws birdwatchers from across Galicia, and the site has been described as a meeting point of nature and birdwatching between the Deza and Tabeirós districts. Peat also acts as a natural archive: organic matter accumulated over thousands of years lets researchers reconstruct the region's past climate and vegetation. How do you get to Brañas de Xestoso? The area can be reached via the N-640 road connecting A Estrada with A Bandeira (Silleda), turning off toward Curantes and Olives. A second route runs along the Silleda–Forcarei road, with a signposted turn toward Xestoso. Given the limited tourist infrastructure and the boggy terrain, it's worth planning a visit with suitable footwear and checking the season, since parts of the paths can be harder to access after rainfall. Frequently asked questions Is Brañas de Xestoso a nature reserve? Formally it is a Special Conservation Area (ZEC) within the European Natura 2000 network, spanning land in the three municipalities of Forcarei, Silleda and A Estrada. What is the main attraction here? The Lagoa Sacra de Olives, home to the largest acid peat bog in Galicia, together with the area's rich birdlife tied to its wetland habitats. How old is this ecosystem? It is estimated to have formed around 12,000 years ago, in the period following the last glaciation. How big is the protected area? Brañas de Xestoso covers more than 1,000 hectares. What's the best way to start a visit? The most convenient access is via the N-640 road between A Estrada and A Bandeira, turning off toward Curantes and Olives.

Pena Veidosa

San Cristovo de Cea

Pena Veidosa is a protected natural area in Galicia, straddling the border between the provinces of Ourense and Lugo, across the municipalities of San Cristovo de Cea, Vilamarín and Carballedo. It covers more than 2,300 hectares of hill country belonging to the Serra Martiñá, part of the Dorsal Galega, the mountainous backbone running through the region. Its defining feature is a jagged peak rising to roughly 1,000 metres above sea level. Why is Pena Veidosa protected? The area holds the status of Site of Community Importance (LIC) and Special Conservation Zone (ZEC) within the European Natura 2000 network. Its protection stems from the wealth of flora and fauna sheltered in these hills. Roughly half of the surface is covered by Atlantic-Mediterranean scrubland and heath typical of Galician mid-mountain terrain, while the river valleys support gallery forests of ash, alder and oak. What wildlife lives here? The scrubland and woodland of Pena Veidosa provide habitat for roe deer, quail and amphibians, including salamanders. Birds of prey circle above the hills hunting small game, a sign of a well-preserved food chain within the ecosystem. The mix of habitats — from rocky peaks to heathland and damp river valleys — makes the area an important refuge for species characteristic of Galician nature. What can visitors do at Pena Veidosa? A network of hiking trails crosses the terrain, allowing visitors to explore both the rocky upper slopes and the lower valleys with their riverside forests. Walks through Pena Veidosa are often combined with a visit to the nearby Oseira Monastery — together the two sites form more than 2,000 protected hectares at the heart of the Dorsal Galega, making this part of inland Galicia an appealing destination for hikers and nature observers looking to avoid crowds. How to get there? Pena Veidosa lies roughly halfway between the municipality of Cea (Ourense) and Carballedo (Lugo), in an area of inland Galicia known for its stonemasonry and farming traditions. It makes a good base for exploring the wider O Ribeiro — O Carballiño district and the Ribeira Sacra route, which combines natural landscapes with local cultural heritage. Frequently asked questions Is Pena Veidosa a mountain or a wider protected area? The name refers both to a specific jagged peak around 1,000 metres high and to the surrounding Natura 2000 area of hills and valleys, covering more than 2,300 hectares in total. Which municipalities does the area span? It extends across the municipalities of San Cristovo de Cea and Vilamarín in the province of Ourense, and Carballedo in the province of Lugo. What conservation status does Pena Veidosa hold? It is listed within the Natura 2000 network as a Site of Community Importance (LIC) and functions as a Special Conservation Zone (ZEC). What animals can be found in the area? Recorded fauna includes roe deer, quail, salamanders and birds of prey hunting over the hills. Are there other attractions nearby? Yes — the Oseira Monastery, one of Galicia's most important Cistercian landmarks, sits close by, and together with it Pena Veidosa forms one large stretch of protected natural land.

Sobreiral do Arnego

Agolada

ZEC Sobreirais do Arnego is a protected natural area in Galicia, Spain, designated as a Special Area of Conservation (ZEC) within the European Natura 2000 network. The site spans three municipalities — Agolada, Lalín and Vila de Cruces — covering more than a thousand hectares along the valley of the Arnego River, a tributary of the Ulla. What makes this place special? The area's main natural feature is one of the best-preserved and most extensive mixed forests with cork oak found anywhere in Galicia. Cork oak is a rare species in the region, surviving almost exclusively in the most sheltered river valleys, and some of the specimens growing along the Arnego reach up to 25 metres in height, with many trees centuries old. The valley's distinctive microclimate, shaped by river humidity and sheltered slopes, allows this Mediterranean-type vegetation to persist within Galicia's otherwise typically Atlantic landscape. What does the landscape look like? The terrain within the ZEC is varied, combining forested valley slopes with open meadows and riverside paths running alongside the Arnego. One of the best-known access points to the river is the Carmoega valley in the municipality of Agolada, where a well-preserved former millers' path — known locally as the "path of the mills" — leads to a designated rest area for visitors. What can visitors do here? The terrain and network of trails and tracks make this a popular destination for outdoor activities. Visitors can enjoy road cycling, touring cycling, mountain biking and hiking along the river. Anglers will find a free fishing zone on the Arnego River, bounded by the Ponte Tuíriz bridge in Vila de Cruces and the Portodemouros dam — one of the valued inland fishing spots in this part of Galicia. Why visit? ZEC Sobreirais do Arnego appeals to visitors looking for contact with a type of nature rarely found elsewhere in Galicia — an old cork oak forest growing along a river, away from the region's more heavily visited tourist routes. The site combines scenic value with active outdoor options: a walk along the historic millers' path, a cycling route through the surrounding countryside, or a quiet day of fishing by the water. Frequently asked questions Where exactly is ZEC Sobreirais do Arnego located? The area lies in the province of Pontevedra, Galicia, spanning the municipalities of Agolada, Lalín and Vila de Cruces along the valley of the Arnego River. What is the main natural attraction here? An extensive, well-preserved mixed forest containing old cork oaks — one of the best examples of this habitat in Galicia, with trees reaching up to 25 metres in height. Can you go fishing here? Yes, there is a free fishing zone on the Arnego River between the Ponte Tuíriz bridge and the Portodemouros dam. What other activities are available besides fishing? Hiking, road and mountain biking, and walks along riverside paths, including the historic mills path in the Carmoega valley in Agolada.

A Marronda

Baleira

A Marronda is an extensive, well-preserved forest in the municipality of Baleira, in the province of Lugo, bordering the neighbouring municipality of Fonsagrada. Located roughly thirty kilometres from the city of Lugo, the site sits at altitudes between 500 and 700 metres and covers more than 600 hectares of deciduous woodland protected within the Natura 2000 network as a Special Area of Conservation (ZEC) and a Site of Community Importance (LIC). What makes this forest special? A Marronda is one of the most representative surviving examples of native Galician forest, kept in an exceptional state of conservation. Deciduous species dominate the landscape, and the true highlight is the presence of one of the most valuable beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests in Galicia. Here, beech trees reach their westernmost point in the region, making this forest one of the reference sites marking the south-western limit of the species' range in Europe. Alongside the beeches grow oaks and holly, forming a varied, multi-layered woodland structure. Why visit A Marronda? Nature lovers will find far more here than a simple walk among the trees. Six habitats of community interest have been inventoried within the forest, and its boundaries shelter numerous plant and animal species protected under the EU Habitats Directive — three protected plant species and as many as 35 protected animal species have been recorded here. The forest provides shelter and food for small reptiles and amphibians, birds of prey, and mammals, making it a significant part of the network of protected areas in north-western Spain. What does the landscape look like? The terrain is hilly, with a moderate elevation range between 500 and 700 metres that favours the microclimates beech trees and other moisture-loving, cooler-climate species need to thrive. A dense canopy, undergrowth rich in ferns and mosses, and streams running through the woodland give this place the feel of a largely untouched, primeval forest — a rare sight in this part of Spain. Frequently asked questions Where exactly is A Marronda located? The forest lies in the municipality of Baleira, in the province of Lugo, Galicia, on the border with the municipality of Fonsagrada, about 30 km from the city of Lugo. What protection status does the area have? A Marronda is protected as a Special Area of Conservation (ZEC) and a Site of Community Importance (LIC) within the European Natura 2000 network. What is the main natural attraction here? Above all, one of the most valuable beech forests in Galicia, marking the western edge of the species' range in the region, along with a rich array of protected animal and plant species. How large is the protected area? The protected area covers more than 610 hectares, at altitudes between 500 and 700 metres. Can rare animal species be found in A Marronda? Yes — the forest is home to 35 protected animal species, including small reptiles, amphibians, birds of prey, and mammals, for which it provides essential food and shelter.

Mariñas Coruñesas e Terras do Mandeo Biosphere Reserve

Abegondo

Mariñas Coruñesas e Terras do Mandeo is a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve stretching along the Atlantic coast of Galicia, in the province of A Coruña, and covering the municipality of Abegondo together with sixteen neighbouring town halls. The designation received its final approval at the 25th session of the International Coordinating Council of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MaB) Programme, held in Paris in May 2013, adding the area to a worldwide network of sites that combine nature conservation with everyday human activity. How large is the reserve? The reserve covers more than 116,000 hectares in total, the vast majority of it land, with a smaller marine strip along the coast. This represents a significant share of the surface area of A Coruña province, making it one of the most densely populated biosphere reserves anywhere in Spain. That density sets it apart from many protected areas elsewhere: here, conservation coexists with active farming, fishing and settled communities rather than excluding them. What kind of landscape defines the area? The core of the reserve is shaped by two major river basins, those of the Mero and Mandeo rivers, together with smaller coastal watersheds that flow directly into the ocean. These river corridors are essential for maintaining the region's habitats and species, and the broadleaf forests that line them rank among Galicia's most representative woodlands. Along the shoreline, a mosaic of estuaries, marshes, shallow bays, cliffs, reefs, salt meadows and dunes forms a varied transitional environment between land and sea. Why is the natural environment considered so valuable? This diversity of habitats makes the reserve an important refuge for birds, invertebrates and coastal marine life, including kelp communities along the rocky shore. Several of the species found here are threatened or endemic, closely tied to the specific conditions of the local rivers and coastline. Safeguarding this biodiversity is one of the central purposes behind the biosphere reserve designation. How does the reserve connect nature with local culture? A distinctive feature of the area is the strong link between its natural environment and traditional resource use. For generations, local communities have practised activities such as producing natural fertilisers and beekeeping, while native livestock breeds are actively conserved within the reserve. This blend of working landscapes and nature protection reflects the essential idea behind a biosphere reserve: a place where people and the environment are meant to function in balance rather than in opposition. Frequently asked questions Where exactly is the reserve located? On the north-western Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula, within A Coruña province in Galicia, including the municipality of Abegondo among others. When did the area receive UNESCO Biosphere Reserve status? Final approval came in May 2013, during a session of the MaB Programme's International Coordinating Council in Paris. Which rivers are most important to the reserve? The Mero and Mandeo rivers, whose valleys form the main ecological corridors running through the protected area. Do people actually live and work within the reserve? Yes — it is one of the most densely populated biosphere reserves in Spain, where conservation coexists with farming and fishing communities.

Río Eo, Oscos y Terras de Buron Biosphere Reserve

Santa Eulalia de Oscos

The Río Eo, Oscos y Terras de Burón Biosphere Reserve is one of the wildest and most biologically varied corners of northern Spain, a stretch of protected countryside straddling the border between Asturias and Galicia. Santa Eulalia de Oscos sits right at its heart, in the district locally known as "Oscos," far removed from the coastal resorts and well-trodden tourist routes of the region. What makes this reserve unique? UNESCO designated the area as a Biosphere Reserve in June 2007, making it the first in Spain to be shared jointly by two autonomous communities — Asturias and Galicia. Altogether the protected land covers almost 160,000 hectares spread across fourteen municipal districts: seven on the Galician side, including Ribadeo, A Fonsagrada and Negueira de Muñiz, and seven on the Asturian side, among them Santa Eulalia de Oscos itself. What does the landscape look like? The reserve takes its name from the River Eo, the most extensive waterway within its boundaries, though the terrain is also shaped by the Navia, Porcía and Miño rivers. The land is markedly mountainous: its highest point is Pico Busbeirón, rising to 1,286 metres, part of a range of hills that approaches the main axis of the Cantabrian Mountains. It is this rugged relief — steep valleys, gorges and forested slopes — that gives the Oscos district its remote, almost forgotten character. What natural features can be found here? The reserve's biological wealth spans the Eo estuary, large parts of the Navia, Porcía and Miño river basins, and coastal catchments draining directly into the Cantabrian Sea. Laurel and willow forests survive along the sea cliffs, oak woodlands cover the coastal hills and mountainsides, and lush riverside woodland thick with holly and oak lines the watercourses. This mosaic of habitats has made the area popular with birdwatchers and nature travellers looking for lesser-known corners of Spain. How do people live in this region? According to 2005 figures, close to 33,000 people lived within the reserve's boundaries. The local economy has long rested on traditional livestock farming, agriculture and, historically, an iron industry — traces of old forges and water mills can still be found scattered through the surrounding villages. In recent decades fishing has grown into a major source of income, particularly salmon and shellfish harvested along the coast and in the Eo estuary. Why visit Santa Eulalia de Oscos? Santa Eulalia de Oscos serves as a gateway into one of Spain's most authentic rural landscapes, where stone houses, water mills and narrow river valleys remain largely untouched by mass tourism. It suits travellers who value quiet, hiking through oak and laurel forest, and a genuine encounter with the traditional rural life of northern Spain. Frequently asked questions When was the reserve recognised by UNESCO? In June 2007. How large is the protected area? Almost 160,000 hectares across fourteen municipal districts in Asturias and Galicia. What is the highest peak in the reserve? Pico Busbeirón, at 1,286 metres. What do local residents do for a living? Traditional livestock farming, agriculture, historically ironworking, and today also coastal fishing.

Os Ancares Lucenses e Montes de Cervantes, Navia e Becerrea Biosphere Reserve

Navia de Suarna

Os Ancares Lucenses e Montes de Cervantes, Navia e Becerreá The Os Ancares Lucenses e Montes de Cervantes, Navia e Becerreá Biosphere Reserve is a mountainous protected area in the northeastern corner of Galicia, in Lugo province, spanning the municipalities of Cervantes, Navia de Suarna and Becerreá. UNESCO designated it a biosphere reserve in 2006, and it covers close to 53,664 hectares. Where is it and what shapes its landscape? The reserve lies in the comarca of Los Ancares, near the borders with Castilla y León and Asturias. Its terrain is defined by dramatic altitudinal contrasts, with differences of up to 1,600 metres between the highest peaks and the floors of the river valleys below. The Navia, Ser and Rao rivers cut deep valleys through the mountains, separating the ranges and creating a patchwork of distinct microclimates across relatively short distances. Why is the biodiversity here so distinctive? The reserve sits at the meeting point of two major biogeographic regions, the Eurosiberian and the Mediterranean. That overlap allows species typical of the wet, Atlantic climate of northern Spain to coexist with others adapted to warmer, drier Mediterranean conditions, all within a relatively compact territory. The forests are dominated by chestnut, oak, birch, hazel, rowan, holly and yew, species characteristic of Atlantic deciduous woodland at mid to high mountain elevations. What is worth seeing beyond the natural landscape? One of the reserve's standout cultural assets is the village of Piornedo, which preserves an exceptional group of pallozas, traditional round or oval dwellings thatched with rye straw. This building style, with roots going back to pre-Roman times, reflects centuries of adaptation to the harsh conditions of Galicia's mountains. Piornedo remains one of the few places in Spain where this architecture survives in something close to its original form, offering a direct link to the traditional life of the region's mountain communities. How can visitors explore the reserve? More than 30 marked hiking routes cross the reserve, leading through its most valuable forests and river valleys as well as to villages that still preserve traditional buildings and farming practices. These trails give visitors access to both the natural values of the territory and its ethnographic heritage, from shepherds' huts to historic village layouts shaped by centuries of mountain life. Frequently asked questions Where exactly is the reserve located? In the eastern part of Lugo province, Galicia, across the municipalities of Cervantes, Navia de Suarna and Becerreá, in the comarca of Los Ancares. When was it designated a biosphere reserve? UNESCO granted it this status in 2006. How large is the reserve? Around 53,664 hectares. What makes its ecology especially distinctive? The overlap of the Eurosiberian and Mediterranean biogeographic regions, combined with altitude differences of up to 1,600 metres, which creates an unusually varied mosaic of habitats. What is worth seeing beyond nature? The village of Piornedo, with its traditional rye-thatched pallozas. How many hiking trails are there in the area? More than 30 marked routes.

Terras do Miño Biosphere Reserve

Cospeito

Terras do Miño Biosphere Reserve stretches across the north-central part of the province of Lugo in Galicia, covering the upper basin of the river Miño. Designated a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 2002, the area spans more than 363,000 hectares, making it one of the largest reserves of its kind on the Iberian Peninsula. It includes 26 municipalities of the Lugo province, among them Cospeito, home to one of the reserve's most valuable natural spots. What defines the landscape here? The terrain of Terras do Miño is a mix of mountains and valleys, where pastures and cultivated fields sit alongside habitats of significant ecological value. The region has a long agricultural tradition, and the municipalities that make up the reserve together occupy roughly a third of the entire surface area of Lugo province. It is precisely this combination of traditional farming with well-preserved river and wetland ecosystems that gives the area its distinct character and helped justify its biosphere reserve status. Why does Cospeito matter within the reserve? Within the municipality of Cospeito lies the Cospeito lagoon, also known as the Santa Cristina lagoon — a permanent wetland fed by the river Guisande, a tributary of the Miño. The lagoon sits in the parish of Santa Cristina, opposite the town of Sistallo. It is one of the key aquatic ecosystems of the whole reserve, playing an important role in preserving the region's biodiversity and serving as a natural reference point for visitors approaching Terras do Miño from the Cospeito side. How should visitors explore the area? Given how vast the reserve is, the best approach is to pick one section and dedicate a relaxed day to it rather than trying to cover everything at once. The surroundings of the lagoon in Cospeito make a good starting point, offering a close look at the wetlands typical of the region and the wildlife that depends on them, without requiring long travel distances. Pairing a visit here with a stop in nearby villages is worthwhile too, since much of the area still preserves Galicia's traditional agricultural landscape. What sets Terras do Miño apart from other biosphere reserves? The sheer scale of this reserve — the second-largest by area among biosphere reserves on the Iberian Peninsula — means it functions less like a single site and more like an entire region organized around sustainable development. Farming, tourism and nature conservation are meant to coexist here rather than compete, which shapes how the whole territory is managed. Frequently asked questions When was Terras do Miño designated a biosphere reserve? In 2002, by UNESCO. How many municipalities does the reserve cover? 26 municipalities in Lugo province, including Cospeito. What is the Cospeito lagoon? A permanent wetland in the parish of Santa Cristina, fed by the river Guisande, a tributary of the Miño — one of the reserve's most important aquatic ecosystems. How large is the reserve? Over 363,000 hectares, making it the second-largest on the Iberian Peninsula. Is it a good spot for a quiet nature getaway? Yes — its wetlands, pastures and traditional villages make it well suited for walking and wildlife watching away from crowds.

Área de Allariz Biosphere Reserve

Rairiz de Veiga

Área de Allariz Biosphere Reserve is a UNESCO-designated site covering four municipalities in the province of Ourense, in the Spanish region of Galicia: Allariz, A Bola, Rairiz de Veiga and Vilar de Santos. The area earned its biosphere reserve status in 2005, recognized for its ecological value and for a traditional, sustainable land-use pattern that has survived here for generations. Where is the reserve located? The reserve sits in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, occupying a basin shaped by the Limia River. To the north, it is bordered by the granite mountains of Allariz, giving the area a naturally enclosed, varied terrain. Crucially, the reserve lies exactly on the boundary between two major biogeographic zones of the Iberian Peninsula — the Euro-Siberian and the Mediterranean. This overlap of climates and vegetation types explains the unusually rich biodiversity found within a relatively small area. What landscapes make up the reserve? The territory splits into three distinct landscape types that together form a patchwork of habitats. The first are the "veigas" — broad plains along the banks of the Limia and Antela rivers, covered in herbaceous vegetation and shrubland typical of wetland valley floors. The second is the "touzas," a mosaic of meadows and cultivated plots interspersed with woodland, a landscape shaped over centuries by farming and grazing. The third element is the "sebes," mixed forests of common oak and Pyrenean oak that form green corridors linking the other habitat patches. What wildlife lives here? This habitat diversity supports a rich array of fauna. Birds of prey circle the valleys hunting for food, while wolves still find enough wild terrain within the reserve to survive. Otters can be spotted along the rivers and streams, and the damp environments favor numerous amphibian species found only on the Iberian Peninsula. This combination of large predators, aquatic mammals and amphibians is rare in such a densely populated part of Europe, and it is one of the main reasons UNESCO recognized the area as worth protecting. Why visit Área de Allariz? Área de Allariz is a place where nature and centuries of human activity coexist rather than compete. Traditional farms, hay meadows and small cultivated plots sit alongside wild forests and river corridors, producing a landscape that changed slowly and kept its authentic character. For travelers seeking contact with nature away from the crowds, it offers walks along the Limia River, birdwatching opportunities, and simple rest amid the Galician countryside. Frequently asked questions When did the reserve receive UNESCO status? In 2005. Which municipalities make up the reserve? Allariz, A Bola, Rairiz de Veiga and Vilar de Santos, in the province of Ourense. What makes this area ecologically distinctive? Its location at the boundary of the Euro-Siberian and Mediterranean biogeographic zones, giving it exceptional biodiversity, along with the presence of wolves, otters and birds of prey. What are the dominant landscapes? The wetland plains known as "veigas," the meadow-and-woodland mosaic of the "touzas," and the mixed oak forests called "sebes."

Gerês-Xurés Transboundary Biosphere Reserve

Lobios

The Gerês-Xurés Transboundary Biosphere Reserve ranks among the largest protected areas of its kind in the European Union, spanning the border between northern Portugal and the Galician province of Ourense in Spain. UNESCO granted the site transboundary biosphere reserve status on 27 May 2009, recognizing the outstanding natural and cultural value of this mountainous frontier region. Where exactly is the reserve located? On the Spanish side, the reserve covers six municipalities southwest of Ourense: Lobios, Entrimo, Muiños, Lobeira, Calvos de Randín and Bande. On the Portuguese side, it borders directly onto Peneda-Gerês National Park, together forming a continuous ecological corridor that pays no attention to the political boundary running through it. The protected territory covers close to 268,000 hectares in total, making it one of the largest cross-border biosphere reserves on the continent. What makes the natural environment so distinctive? Rugged mountain terrain, a dense network of rivers and streams, and ecosystems that remain in generally good conservation condition together support numerous species of fauna and flora of significant importance for European biodiversity. A key factor is the reserve's position at the crossroads of three climatic influences — Atlantic, Mediterranean and continental. Their overlap, combined with sharp changes in altitude and varying slope exposure, produces a striking number of local microclimates. This climatic mosaic explains why such a relatively compact area hosts such a wide variety of habitats, from damp river valleys to exposed, wind-swept mountain ridges. What can visitors do in the reserve? The area is developed for tourism in a way that keeps close contact with nature while respecting conservation rules. Visitors can follow a network of hiking trails running through forests, river valleys and mountain terrain, and have opportunities to observe wildlife in its natural habitat. The reserve also draws people interested in the cultural heritage of the borderland — villages, traditional farming practices and centuries of settlement history that developed independently on each side of the frontier yet still share many common traits. Is it worth combining a visit with Peneda-Gerês National Park? Yes — the direct adjacency to the Portuguese national park means the two protected areas naturally complement each other. Travelers planning a longer stay in the region can easily combine a visit to the Spanish side of the reserve with an excursion into Peneda-Gerês, taking advantage of shared tourist infrastructure and a similar landscape character built around granite massifs, oak woodlands and heathland. Frequently asked questions When was the reserve established? It received UNESCO transboundary biosphere reserve status on 27 May 2009. How large is the protected area? The reserve covers roughly 268,000 hectares spanning both sides of the Portugal-Spain border. Which Spanish municipalities belong to the reserve? Lobios, Entrimo, Muiños, Lobeira, Calvos de Randín and Bande, all located in the province of Ourense in Galicia. What sets this reserve apart from other protected areas? The combination of three overlapping climatic influences, mountainous terrain, and its transboundary status, which allows conservation to treat the ecosystem as a single whole regardless of the national border running through it. Is the reserve suitable for a longer trip? Yes — thanks to its proximity to Peneda-Gerês National Park and a well-developed trail network, the region works well for both day trips and multi-day hiking excursions.

Ojo Guareña

Merindad de Sotoscueva

Ojo Guareña is one of the largest cave systems on the Iberian Peninsula, tucked away in the Cantabrian Mountains within the province of Burgos, Castile and León. The karst complex spans an area of nearly 13,850 hectares, with its network of galleries and passages stretching over 90 kilometres in total — making it one of the 24 longest cave systems on the planet. In 1996 the regional government of Castile and León designated the site a natural monument, protecting both its striking underground formations and the archaeological remains found within. How did the cave system form? The limestone rock hosting Ojo Guareña reaches roughly 100 metres in thickness and rests on a solid, water-resistant layer of marl. This particular geological setup allowed water to slowly carve its way through the stone, a process that began during the Coniacian age, tens of millions of years ago in the late Cretaceous period. Over an immense stretch of time, water eroded the soft limestone into an intricate labyrinth of tunnels, chambers and underground passages, resulting in one of the region's most important speleological sites. Why is this place significant? Until 2009, Ojo Guareña held the title of the largest karst system on the entire Iberian Peninsula. That changed when a substantial stretch of previously unknown passages was discovered in the nearby Mortillano system, shifting the record elsewhere. Even so, Ojo Guareña remains one of Spain's most important karst formations, both for its sheer scale and its scientific value. The site has also served as a location for archaeological excavations, confirming that these caves have drawn the attention of researchers and held traces of human presence across different historical periods. What surrounds the cave system? The complex lies within the municipality of Merindad de Sotoscueva, in the heart of the Cantabrian Mountains — a region known for its rugged terrain, river valleys and small traditional villages. The landscape around the caves is typical of northern Spain: limestone hills, forests and pastures, where karst features such as sinkholes and springs shape the character of the wider area. Frequently asked questions Can visitors go inside Ojo Guareña? The site has been protected as a natural monument since 1996, meaning access to the cave system is regulated in order to safeguard both its natural formations and the archaeological findings preserved underground. How large is this cave system? Its galleries and passages total more than 90 kilometres in length, spread across an area of nearly 13,850 hectares, making it one of the most extensive cave complexes in Spain. Is it still the largest karst system in Spain? Not anymore — until 2009 Ojo Guareña ranked first among karst systems on the Iberian Peninsula, but the discovery of new passages in the Mortillano system changed that ranking. What else has been found in the caves besides karst formations? The site has been the subject of archaeological excavations, pointing to a long history of human presence in the area. Where exactly is Ojo Guareña located? The system is located in the municipality of Merindad de Sotoscueva, in the province of Burgos, within the Cantabrian Mountains of northern Spain.

Parc Agrari del Baix Llobregat

Cornellà de Llobregat

Parc Agrari del Baix Llobregat is one of Europe's largest protected farmland areas sitting right at the edge of a major metropolitan region — it stretches across fourteen municipalities in the province of Barcelona, including Cornellà de Llobregat, and covers close to 3,000 hectares. The park was created to halt the steady urbanization of the fertile Llobregat delta and to preserve a traditional farming economy that has fed the surrounding cities for generations. How did this agricultural park come about? The idea of protecting farmland on Barcelona's outskirts took shape in the early 1990s. In 1993, the Council for the Protection of Nature of the Generalitat de Catalunya formally defined the concept of a "parc agrari" within Catalonia's General Territorial Plan. A few years later, on 10 July 1997, the Parc Agrari del Baix Llobregat was officially established at the request of the Barcelona Provincial Council (Diputació de Barcelona). It was one of the first projects of its kind in Spain — a direct response to development pressure that had been steadily eating into farmland as the Barcelona metropolitan area expanded. Which municipalities does the park cover? The park's territory spans parts of fourteen municipalities along the lower course of the Llobregat river: Castelldefels, Cornellà de Llobregat, Gavà, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Molins de Rei, Pallejà, El Papiol, El Prat de Llobregat, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Sant Joan Despí, Sant Vicenç dels Horts, Santa Coloma de Cervelló and Viladecans. That spread illustrates the scale of the challenge: the park isn't a single compact area belonging to one town, but a patchwork of cultivated fields interwoven with built-up land, the infrastructure of El Prat airport, and industrial zones. Who manages the park? The park is run by the Consorci del Parc Agrari del Baix Llobregat, a consortium bringing together the Barcelona Provincial Council, the Baix Llobregat County Council, the Catalan regional government (Generalitat de Catalunya), the farmers' union Unió de Pagesos de Catalunya, and the member municipalities. This multi-stakeholder structure was designed to balance the interests of farmers, local governments and regional authorities when it comes to land-use planning and protecting agricultural plots from further development. Why is this land so valuable for farming? The Llobregat delta has been regarded for centuries as one of Catalonia's most fertile areas, thanks to alluvial soils deposited by the river and reliable access to water. Vegetables and fruit grown here have traditionally supplied Barcelona's markets, and that role as the metropolis's "vegetable garden" still holds today, even though the region faces some of the strongest urbanization pressure in Spain. Protecting this land isn't just about landscape — it has real implications for the area's local food supply. What should visitors near Cornellà de Llobregat know? Cornellà de Llobregat sits right on the edge of the park, making this stretch of the valley an easily accessible starting point for exploring an agricultural landscape without ever leaving the Barcelona metropolitan area. It's a rare chance to see how a densely built-up metropolis coexists with active farming — cultivated fields sit alongside railway lines, motorways and residential neighborhoods, a landscape typical of contemporary European peri-urban zones trying to reconcile urban growth with the protection of natural resources. Frequently asked questions How many hectares does the Parc Agrari del Baix Llobregat cover? The park spans nearly 3,000 hectares spread across fourteen municipalities along the lower Llobregat river. When was the park created? It was formally established on 10 July 1997, at the request of the Barcelona provincial authorities, after the "agricultural park" concept had been defined in Catalan regional planning documents back in 1993. Is the park located directly within Cornellà de Llobregat? Cornellà de Llobregat is one of the fourteen municipalities the park's territory runs through, making it a convenient access point to the valley's protected farmland. Who is responsible for managing the park's land? A public consortium made up of the Province of Barcelona, the Baix Llobregat county council, the Catalan regional government, the farmers' union, and the member municipalities.

Salburua

Vitoria-Gasteiz

Salburua is a wetland complex on the eastern outskirts of Vitoria-Gasteiz, the capital of the Basque Country in Spain. Covering roughly 216 hectares at an altitude just above 500 metres, it forms part of the city's Green Belt (Anillo Verde) and is made up of a mosaic of lakes, meadows and oak groves. Because of its ecological value, Salburua has been designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance, placing it among the most significant wetland sites in Spain. Where did the wetlands come from? Before the land was converted to farmland, the area held at least three sizeable lakes: Betoño to the west, Larregana to the north, and Arcaute to the southeast. For generations, local communities valued the marshes for their pastureland, hunting and fishing. During the 19th century, however, the wetlands were drained to make way for agricultural use, and much of their original character was lost for decades. How was the ecosystem brought back? Restoration work began in 1994, starting with a halt to the drainage of Lake Betoño. In 1998, a dike was built to close the channel that had been draining the lakes of Larregana and Arcaute, allowing natural water flows to be restored and drainage canals to be filled in. The project is now regarded as one of Europe's most successful examples of landscape revitalisation: land that by the 1990s had shrunk to a small surviving wood and a remnant of marsh near Betoño has since returned to a functioning wetland ecosystem. What is there to see in Salburua today? The park's current landscape combines lagoons, wet meadows and oak groves, supporting a rich variety of wildlife. Herds of red deer roam the grounds, while the reedbeds and open water attract numerous waterbirds and other bird species. A 2004 report prepared for the European Commission by the Fedenatur network identified the Salburua marshes as the most valuable wetland area in the Basque Country. Visits typically start at the Ataria interpretation centre, which serves as the gateway to the site's ecology. It offers interactive exhibits explaining how the wetland ecosystem works, aimed at both adults and children, making Salburua a destination for environmental education as much as for a simple nature walk. Frequently asked questions Is Salburua part of the city of Vitoria-Gasteiz? Yes, the wetlands lie on the eastern edge of the city and form part of its Green Belt, a network of green spaces surrounding Vitoria-Gasteiz. Why did the wetlands need to be restored? In the 19th century the lakes of Betoño, Larregana and Arcaute were drained for agriculture, which stripped the area of its original wetland character for more than a century. When did the restoration work start? Restoration began in 1994, with a key milestone in 1998 when a dike was built to close the channel draining the Larregana and Arcaute lakes. Why does Salburua matter today? It is considered one of Spain's and the Basque Country's most valuable wetland areas, protected under the Ramsar Convention, and the Ataria centre helps visitors understand and explore its ecology.

Las Ubiñas - La Mesa Natural Park

Quirós

Las Ubiñas-La Mesa Natural Park is one of the largest protected areas in central Asturias, spanning more than 42,000 hectares across the municipalities of Teverga, Quirós and Lena. The park takes its name from two defining landscape features: the Peña Ubiña massif and the La Mesa ridge, which mark its northern and southern boundaries. What does the park's landscape look like? The park occupies a mountainous territory with pronounced contrasts in relief. It is dominated by the Peña Ubiña massif, the second-highest mountain range in the region after the Picos de Europa, rising above 2,400 metres. On the border with the neighbouring Somiedo park stands the La Mesa ridge, where the highest points — Alto de la Cugurza and Peña Negra — reach 1,830 metres. Between these two ranges lie deep river valleys, creating a landscape of striking contrasts, from rocky high-mountain peaks to fertile valley floors. Why is the park's nature so significant? The park's ecological value rests above all on its biodiversity and the excellent state of conservation of its habitats. More than half of all plant families found in Asturias are present within its boundaries, and over a third of its surface is covered by mature forest, dominated by beech woodland. These old-growth deciduous forests, in many places barely touched by human activity, are one of the main reasons the park holds such a high level of protection. Among the mammals found here, the most emblematic is the brown bear, listed as an endangered species. Notably, the municipality of Quirós hosts the park's main breeding nucleus for the brown bear population — this is where females most often den and raise their cubs, making the area one of the key sites for the species' conservation across Asturias. What international recognition has the park received? In 2012, Las Ubiñas-La Mesa was designated a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. This recognition confirms that the area combines outstanding natural values with the preservation of a traditional, sustainable way of managing the mountain landscape, practised by local communities for generations. What should visitors know before planning a trip? Since the park stretches across three municipalities, the starting points for trails differ depending on which part of the area one wishes to explore. Quirós, home to the park's main brown bear stronghold, is especially interesting for those keen on wildlife observation and the traditional mountain landscape of northern Spain. Given the area's protected status and the presence of endangered species, visitors are advised to stick to marked trails and exercise particular caution during the animals' breeding periods. Frequently asked questions Where exactly is the park located? In central Asturias, Spain, across the municipalities of Teverga, Quirós and Lena. What is the park's highest point? The Peña Ubiña massif, rising above 2,400 metres. Can you encounter bears in the park? Yes, the park is home to the brown bear, and its main breeding site lies within the municipality of Quirós. What protected status does the area hold? Since 2012, the park has been recognised as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.

Riera de Navel

Viver i Serrateix

Riera de Navel is a stream in the Berguedà region of Catalonia that forms the natural boundary of the municipality of Viver i Serrateix, separating it from neighbouring Montmajor. The stream's course is protected as a natural area of significant ecological value, making it a rewarding stop for travelers who enjoy quiet, low-key nature spots away from the usual sightseeing routes. Where does the Riera de Navel start and end? The stream rises on the eastern slope of the Serrat de Runer hill, still within the Berguedà region, and flows towards the Cardener river valley, joining the Cardener downstream from the town of Cardona. Along the way it runs through the territory of two small municipalities, Viver i Serrateix and Montmajor, and its course has shaped a corridor of dense riverside vegetation on both banks. Why is this stretch of the stream protected? Along the Riera de Navel, a valuable riparian (gallery) forest has survived — a type of ecosystem that has become increasingly scarce in this part of Catalonia. It grows alongside oak woodland featuring small-leaved oak trees, together forming a dense, multi-layered stand of vegetation. Adding further ecological weight to the valley is a considerable stretch of bog, which acts as a natural water reservoir and provides habitat for species tied to wet environments. It is this combination — riparian forest, oak groves and wetland — that led to this section of the stream being designated a protected natural area. What else is there to see along this stretch? Within the boundaries of Viver i Serrateix, the Riera de Navel feeds two small reservoirs: the Serrateix reservoir and the Espunyola reservoir. These dammed sections create calmer, relatively shallow stretches of water that contrast with the faster-flowing parts of the stream above and below them. The result is a varied set of habitats along a short distance — from swift-running water to marshy banks and still pools. Who is this place suited to? The Riera de Navel is best suited to nature lovers, birdwatchers and anyone after a quiet walk along the water rather than a headline attraction — this is a low-profile corner of the Berguedà valley where visitors can observe river dynamics and dense riverside vegetation up close. It also works well as an add-on to a visit to Viver i Serrateix itself or to nearby Cardona, best known for its salt mountain. Frequently asked questions Where is the Riera de Navel located? In the Berguedà region of Catalonia, along the boundary between the municipalities of Viver i Serrateix and Montmajor. Which river does it flow into? The Riera de Navel is a tributary of the Cardener river, joining it downstream from Cardona. What exactly is protected in this area? A riparian forest, oak woodland with small-leaved oaks, and an extensive area of ecologically valuable bog. Are there any reservoirs along the stream? Yes, within Viver i Serrateix there are two small reservoirs: Serrateix and Espunyola.

Montes Obarenes-San Zadornil Natural Park

Valle de Tobalina

Montes Obarenes-San Zadornil Natural Park stretches across the northeastern corner of Burgos province in the Spanish region of Castile and León, reaching all the way to the border with Álava province in the Basque Country. The mountain range forms the last, southernmost foothills of the Cantabrian Mountains, rising like a natural wall above the flat lowlands of La Bureba and creating a landscape contrast visible from a considerable distance. When was the park established? The area was granted natural park status in 2006, placing more than 33,000 hectares under protection. The designation aimed to safeguard not just the scenery but also the region's geological and biological richness, which had long remained overshadowed by Spain's more famous national parks. What does the landscape look like? A defining feature of the Obarenes mountains is their Jurassic-era structural relief — rock layers folded and uplifted during that geological period now form steep, jagged ridges and rock faces. The range's highest point is Pico Humión, reaching 1,437 metres above sea level. The limestone bedrock has carved deep gorges and valleys, through which rivers cut their way toward the Ebro valley. Why is the park so biologically diverse? Sitting at the crossroads of two biogeographic regions — Atlantic and Mediterranean — Montes Obarenes-San Zadornil boasts an unusually rich variety of tree and shrub species. The damper, north-facing slopes support beech and oak forests typical of an Atlantic climate, while the sunnier southern slopes host Mediterranean species adapted to drier conditions. This mosaic of habitats supports an equally rich fauna: researchers have catalogued 128 vertebrate species within the park's boundaries. Mammals include wild boar and roe deer, alongside the far more elusive European wildcat. Overhead, golden eagles patrol the skies, while the eagle owl — one of Europe's largest birds of prey — hunts under cover of night. What can visitors do here? The natural park has been developed with a range of outdoor activities in mind. An extensive network of hiking trails lets visitors explore the gorges, ridgelines, and lookout points at their own pace, while cycling routes wind through the range's gentler terrain. Horseback riders will find dedicated trails, and birdwatchers can expect sightings of raptors circling above the rock faces. Designated recreational areas are also scattered throughout the park, offering places to rest during a longer outing. Frequently asked questions Where exactly is the park located? In the northeastern part of Burgos province (Castile and León), bordering Álava province in the Basque Country. How large is the protected area? The park covers more than 33,000 hectares. What is the highest peak? Pico Humión, at 1,437 metres above sea level. When was the park created? It was declared a natural park in 2006. What wildlife can be seen here? Among others, wild boar, roe deer, European wildcats, golden eagles, and eagle owls — 128 vertebrate species have been catalogued in total.

Valderejo Natural Park

Valdegovía / Gaubea

Valderejo Natural Park stretches across a wide valley enclosed by limestone hillsides in the westernmost corner of Álava, right on the border with the province of Burgos, in the Basque Country. Declared a protected natural park in 1992, it has since become one of the best-preserved corners of Basque nature. What defines the valley? The heart of the park is the gorge carved by the Purón river, cutting between steep, rock-topped slopes. For centuries this gorge carried an important route linking Frías, in Burgos, with the port of Orduña — traces of an old Roman road, once used for trade and military communication between the two regions, can still be found here. The valley itself, ringed by rocky hills, forms a natural amphitheater crossed by nine marked walking trails of varying difficulty. What plants and animals live here? The landscape is shaped mainly by forests of Scots pine, accompanied by holm oak woodland, beech stands, and small pockets of gall-oak. Along the watercourses grow elms, willows, and hazel trees, forming a rich riverside belt of vegetation. Valderejo is especially known for its birdlife — it is home to one of the largest colonies of griffon vultures in the entire Basque Country, making the park a popular destination for bird-watching. Alongside the vultures, visitors may spot golden eagles, hawks, and crossbills. Among the mammals found here are squirrels, wildcats, roe deer, and wild boar, with wolves occasionally passing through. What historical traces does the park hold? The Valderejo valley has been inhabited since ancient times, a fact reflected in its cultural and architectural heritage. Megalithic monuments survive here, including the San Lorenzo burial mound and the monolith on Mount Lerón, alongside churches and hermitages built across different historical periods. Valderejo itself was once an independent municipality, remaining self-governing until 1966, when it was absorbed into the municipality of Valdegovía (known in Basque as Gaubea). Frequently asked questions Can you go hiking in the park? Yes, nine marked walking trails cross the park, suited to different levels of difficulty, allowing visitors to explore both the Purón river gorge and the higher stretches of the valley. What is the park's biggest natural attraction? Without doubt, its colony of griffon vultures — one of the largest in the Basque Country — which has made the park a well-known spot for bird-watchers. Are there historical monuments in the park? Yes, the valley preserves megalithic sites (the San Lorenzo burial mound, the Lerón monolith) as well as churches and hermitages that testify to centuries of settlement in the area. What role did the Purón gorge play historically? The gorge once carried a Roman road connecting Frías with the port of Orduña, serving as an important communication and trade route between Burgos and the coast.

Los Volcanes Natural Park

Tinajo

Los Volcanes Natural Park Los Volcanes Natural Park is a vast volcanic landscape in the municipality of Tinajo, on the western coast of Lanzarote, wrapping around the famous Timanfaya National Park on all sides. Covering more than 10,000 hectares spread across three municipalities — Tinajo, Tías and Yaiza — it forms one of the starkest and most geologically fascinating landscapes in the Canary Islands. Where does this terrain come from? The park's landscape was shaped by major volcanic eruptions that took place between 1730 and 1736, followed by another wave of activity in 1824. These events transformed much of western Lanzarote into a field of lava, ash and volcanic cones, producing scenery that today feels closer to another planet than to a typical Mediterranean coastline. What can visitors actually see here? The terrain is dotted with dozens of volcanic cones of varying height and colour, ranging from black through red to brown depending on the mineral composition of the cooled lava. Beyond the cones, the park contains lava tunnels, solidified lava lakes, and distinctive "hornitos" — small, tower-like structures formed by accumulations of molten slag pushed up through cracks in the hardened lava crust. This variety of geological formations draws geologists and landscape photographers alike. Why does the park carry protected status? The area was first brought under protection as part of a larger designated zone in 1987, before being reclassified as a separate natural park in its own right in 1994, distinct from the neighbouring Timanfaya National Park. The whole region forms part of a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve covering the island of Lanzarote and holds Geopark status, underlining the exceptional scientific and educational value of its volcanic formations. The area has additionally been designated a Special Protection Area for birds, a sign that despite its seemingly barren appearance, the ecosystem supports species adapted to harsh volcanic conditions. How does it differ from Timanfaya? Although the two parks border each other and were shaped by the same eruptions, Los Volcanes acts as a buffer zone around the strictly protected core that is Timanfaya. While access to Timanfaya itself is tightly controlled, mostly limited to organised buses along a fixed route, Los Volcanes offers greater freedom to explore on foot or by bike, making it a popular choice for travellers who want to experience the volcanic scenery without the crowds. Frequently asked questions Where exactly is the park located? In the municipality of Tinajo, in western Lanzarote, surrounding Timanfaya National Park on the landward side. When did the volcanic landscape form? Mainly through eruptions between 1730 and 1736, with a further wave of activity in 1824. Does the park have international recognition? Yes — the area is part of a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and holds Geopark status. What sets it apart from Timanfaya? Less restrictive access — visitors can explore on foot or by bike, unlike the organised bus tours required inside Timanfaya itself.