Nature — Spain — NextOnTrip

Sima de Aradelas

Folgoso do Courel

Sima de Aradelas, the deepest cave in all of Galicia, lies hidden in the limestone hills near the village of Campelo, within the municipality of Folgoso do Courel in Lugo province. It sits inside the Montañas do Courel UNESCO Global Geopark — the first geopark of its kind in Galicia and the thirteenth in Spain, recognized in 2019 for its exceptional geological heritage. What exactly is Sima de Aradelas? Aradelas is a system of vertical shafts and passages carved into the limestone of the Serra do Courel range. It was first explored in 1972 by the Santa Clara and Montañeiros Celtas caving clubs from Vigo, who reached a depth of 120 metres the following year. Later surveys by the local Aradelas Speleological Club produced a full map of the cave in 1987, recording six shafts and a depth of over 142 metres. The real breakthrough came in 2024. Around forty cavers from Galician and Asturian clubs ran a series of expeditions and uncovered more than two kilometres of previously unknown, untouched galleries, chambers and shafts. Inside, they found a turquoise underground lake nicknamed Hydra, along with a rich variety of formations — stalactites, stalagmites and columns. These discoveries confirmed Aradelas as the deepest and one of the most extensive cave systems in the region. How do you get there? The starting point is the village of Campelo, inside the Folgoso do Courel municipality, deep in the mountainous interior of the Serra do Courel. This is sparsely populated countryside with scattered settlements, so a car is the practical way to get around — the geopark's viewpoints, information centres and trails are spread across the whole Montañas do Courel territory rather than clustered in one spot. It's worth checking with the geopark's local tourist information points beforehand to plan the route to Campelo. What will you actually see? It's important to be upfront here: the inside of Sima de Aradelas is not open to casual visitors. Because of the difficulty and risk involved — steep vertical shafts, narrow passages, and the technical caving gear required — access is restricted to trained speleologists working with organised clubs and expeditions. That doesn't mean a trip to the area is pointless, though. Campelo and the wider Serra do Courel sit within the UNESCO geopark, which offers numerous viewpoints, hiking trails and interpretation centres dedicated to the region's geology, including the well-known Campodola-Leixazós geological fold, protected as a Natural Monument. The surface landscape — limestone outcrops and wild valleys — gives visitors the clearest sense of what lies underground. When is the best time to visit? Given the mountainous terrain of the Serra do Courel, spring and summer are the best times to visit, when trails are fully accessible and conditions favour hiking around the geopark. Autumn also has its appeal thanks to the changing colours of the forests, while winter can make some higher routes and roads harder to access. Frequently Asked Questions Can you enter Sima de Aradelas on your own? No. Access is limited to experienced speleologists affiliated with caving clubs, due to the technical difficulty of the terrain and the specialised equipment required. How deep is Sima de Aradelas? The 1987 survey recorded six shafts and a depth of over 142 metres, and the 2024 discoveries added more than two kilometres of previously unknown passages. Where is Sima de Aradelas located? In the municipality of Folgoso do Courel, Lugo province, Galicia, near the village of Campelo, within the Montañas do Courel UNESCO Global Geopark. What can you see nearby if you can't go inside the cave? Viewpoints, hiking trails and interpretation centres across the Montañas do Courel geopark, including the nearby Campodola-Leixazós geological fold.

Cova de Ceza

Folgoso do Courel

Cova de Ceza is one of the most extensive caves in Galicia, hidden in the limestone hills of the Folgoso do Courel municipality, in Lugo province. It lies near the parish of Noceda, within the Serra do Courel mountain range — one of the wilder, sparsely populated corners of eastern Galicia, known for its deep valleys and slate-roofed villages. Where exactly is the cave? Cova de Ceza runs underground for roughly 840 metres, making it one of the longest navigable caves in all of Galicia. It formed in limestone belonging to the so-called Cándana Group, in an area where the rock was tightly folded by ancient tectonic movements. That geological structure explains the cave's complex, multi-level layout of passages that speleologists have mapped over the decades. What will you see inside? An underground stream runs through the cave, and over thousands of years it carved out the passage network and fed a lake known locally as the Ceza lake. It plunges past 23 metres in depth, and its bottom still hasn't been fully surveyed by cave-diving teams — one of the reasons the site keeps drawing researchers back. Systematic exploration of Cova de Ceza has continued since 1982. Over that time, teams have recovered finds of archaeological and palaeontological interest, confirming that the cave was used or visited long before modern speleologists arrived. The route is generally rated medium-to-low difficulty, so younger visitors — usually from around age 12 — can take part, provided they're properly prepared. It's worth being clear, though, that this isn't a lit, walkway-equipped show cave: it's a natural cavity that calls for basic caving gear, sturdy footwear, and reasonable fitness. How do you get there? Cova de Ceza sits within the Folgoso do Courel municipality, in the heart of the Serra do Courel — a range prized for its chestnut and oak forests, stone-built villages, and landscapes that have barely changed in decades. Given the cave's nature — no lighting, technical gear required, and terrain that rewards local knowledge — the safest way to visit is with a local caving club or a mountain guide who can point out the exact entrance and check current conditions inside, such as water level and stream flow. Before setting out, it's worth contacting the tourist information office in Folgoso do Courel to confirm access and any formalities. When is the best time to visit? Spring and autumn are the best seasons for the Courel area — mountain temperatures are mild, and the narrow mountain roads aren't hampered by snow. In summer, a cave visit pairs well with hiking on the surrounding Serra do Courel trails. In winter, access to the higher parts of the range can be limited by weather, so it's worth checking conditions before planning a trip. Frequently Asked Questions Can you enter Cova de Ceza without a guide? It isn't recommended. The lack of tourist infrastructure, demanding terrain, and the variable water level in the underground stream mean a visit should be made with a guide or a caving group familiar with the site. How long is the cave's explored route? The known, explored section runs about 840 metres, placing Cova de Ceza among the longest caves in Galicia. What's the main highlight inside the cave? An underground lake more than 23 metres deep, shaped by the stream that flows through the cave — its bottom still hasn't been fully mapped. Is the cave suitable for children? The route is rated medium-to-low difficulty and can be accessible to younger visitors from around age 12, always accompanied by an experienced guide and with proper preparation.

A Cova de Eirós

Triacastela

A Cova de Eirós is an archaeological cave near the hamlet of Cancelo, in the municipality of Triacastela, in the province of Lugo, Galicia, Spain. It ranks among the most significant prehistoric sites in northwestern Spain, combining scientific importance with the mountain scenery of eastern Galicia. What makes this site important? The cave was discovered in the 1980s, and systematic excavations have continued there ever since. Its sediment layers contain traces of fires dated to more than 180,000 years ago, with documented human occupation going back over 35,000 years. What sets Cova de Eirós apart on a wider scale is that it is the only known site in northwestern Iberia preserving an uninterrupted sequence showing occupation by both Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) and early modern humans (Homo sapiens). That makes it a key reference point for researchers studying the transition between the two populations — one of the most debated chapters of European prehistory. The layers above that sequence trace how life in the area changed over time: after the last Neanderthal groups came Upper Paleolithic hunters, then the first Neolithic farmers, and eventually early medieval rural communities. Few caves anywhere in Europe hold such a long, continuous record of human presence in a single place. The cave also contains rock art considered the oldest known in Galicia. It is the only site in the region with confirmed Paleolithic parietal art found to date, and the westernmost point on the map of Cantabrian rock-art sites. In 2012, Cova de Eirós was declared a Bien de Interés Cultural (a legally protected cultural heritage site), formally recognizing its importance to Galician heritage. How do you get there? The cave sits near the small hamlet of Cancelo, administratively part of the municipality of Triacastela. Triacastela itself is a well-known stop on the Camino de Santiago (Camino Francés), between O Cebreiro and Sarria, so many visitors pass through while walking or driving the pilgrim route. Reaching Triacastela is easiest by car, since the surrounding area is mountainous and rural, with limited public transport options. What will you see? Because of the site's scientific value and fragility, access to the cave is possible but limited — visits are controlled to protect the archaeological layers and the paintings inside. For anyone interested in prehistory, it is still a rare chance to see a site that regularly appears in academic research on Neanderthals and the earliest art in Europe. The surrounding countryside around Cancelo and Triacastela, with its typical eastern Galician mountain-valley landscape, is worth exploring even for visitors who don't get inside the cave itself. When should you visit? Spring and summer are generally the best times, when weather conditions in the Lugo mountains are more stable and the Camino de Santiago through Triacastela is busiest — making it easier to find local information and get in touch with whoever is organizing access. Since Cova de Eirós is an active research site rather than a conventional tourist attraction with fixed opening hours, it's worth checking current visiting arrangements before planning a trip. Frequently Asked Questions Can you visit A Cova de Eirós? Yes, but access is limited and organized as controlled visits, since the cave remains an active archaeological excavation site. Why is Cova de Eirós scientifically important? It is the only known site in northwestern Iberia with an uninterrupted sequence documenting occupation by both Neanderthals and early modern humans, making it central to research on their transition. Does the cave have rock art? Yes, it holds the oldest known cave paintings in Galicia and the only confirmed Paleolithic parietal art found in the region so far. How do you get to Cova de Eirós? The cave is located near the hamlet of Cancelo in the municipality of Triacastela, best reached by car; Triacastela is also a well-known stop on the Camino de Santiago.

Buraca das Choias

Folgoso do Courel

Buraca das Choias is a karst cave right next to the village of Visuña, in the municipality of Folgoso do Courel, in the province of Lugo, deep in the Serra do Courel mountain range in Galicia, Spain. It's a lesser-known but genuinely striking underground site, mostly on the radar of cavers and nature enthusiasts, though its opening stretch can be visited by regular travelers too. Where exactly is the cave? The entrance sits within the limestone of the Vegadeo formation, the same rock that shapes much of the wider Courel area. Near the village of Seara, not far away, you can still find the remains of an old iron mine, and close by are the As Forgas springs, known for their iron-rich mineral water. The whole area falls within a UNESCO-recognized geopark, a sign of just how distinctive the local geology is. What will you see inside? The cave opens with an impressively tall entrance chamber — the vault here rises more than 10 metres. The section that's walkable without diving gear runs for over 290 metres through four connected galleries. Along the way there's a lake crossing the path and a dry chamber nicknamed "the Museum" by explorers, named for the dense cluster of stalactite formations found there. An underground stream runs through the whole system, with a flow of roughly 25 litres per second — enough to make this one of the more active caves in the region. What's visible on foot is only part of the story. Beyond it, the cave continues underwater, and reaching those sections requires cave-diving equipment. For decades, various speleology and diving groups tried and failed to get past a narrow, flooded passage barely half a metre high with a steep incline. That changed in 2017, when divers from the Geoceanic club finally broke through. Cave divers Rafael Jurado and Manuel de las Heras later pushed through ten further flooded passages, reaching parts of the cave no one had ever seen before. The breakthrough is now considered one of the most significant moments in Galician speleology over the past four decades. How do you get there? Buraca das Choias sits near the village of Visuña, within the Folgoso do Courel municipality. This is mountain country, with the winding roads, terraced hillsides, and small stone villages typical of the Serra do Courel. The practical approach is to drive as close to Visuña as the road allows and continue on foot to the cave entrance. Anything beyond the walkable section — the flooded galleries — is strictly the domain of organized, equipped cave-diving groups, not casual visitors. When should you visit? Serra do Courel has clearly marked seasons, with cold, occasionally snowy winters and warmer summers. Inside the cave, temperatures stay fairly constant regardless of the weather outside, but getting there and exploring the surrounding trails is more comfortable in spring or autumn, when paths aren't muddy from heavy rain and the heat doesn't make the walk harder than it needs to be. Frequently Asked Questions Can you visit the cave on your own? The first 290-plus metres are accessible without technical equipment, but the rocks are damp and can be slippery, and there's no lighting inside. It's worth bringing a torch and, ideally, going with someone already familiar with the route. What is there to see inside Buraca das Choias? Four connected galleries, an underground stream, a lake along the way, and the "Museum" chamber, filled with stalactite formations. The flooded sections beyond that were only reached for the first time in 2017, by cave divers. Is there anything else worth seeing nearby? Yes — close to the village of Seara you'll find the remains of an old iron mine, and a little further on, the As Forgas springs, known for their iron-rich water. Is the cave safe to visit? The walkable entrance section is reasonably safe for careful visitors, but the flooded galleries beyond it demand professional cave-diving experience and should never be attempted without proper training and equipment.

Cueva de los Verdes

Haría

Cueva de los Verdes is a lava tube in the municipality of Haría, on the northern coast of Lanzarote in the Canary Islands. It formed as part of a long volcanic tunnel carved out by molten rock flowing from the La Corona volcano thousands of years ago. Today it stands as one of the island's most distinctive sights, where volcanic geology meets a striking staging of light and sound underground. What exactly is it? The cave sits within the Monumento Natural del Malpaís de La Corona, a protected natural area covering the lava fields surrounding the volcano. The tunnel itself extends well beyond the section open to visitors, with part of the same volcanic system running under the seabed toward Jameos del Agua, another well-known attraction shaped by the same eruption. Inside, the air stays cool and still, and the lighting is arranged to highlight the twisting rock forms left behind as the lava cooled and hardened. How do you get there? Cueva de los Verdes lies on the coast within the Haría municipality, close to the village of Órzola and to Jameos del Agua. The easiest way to reach it is by rental car, following the coastal road that loops around northern Lanzarote — the area is well signposted as part of the island's main tourist route. Because Jameos del Agua sits nearby and belongs to the same volcanic system, many visitors combine both stops on the same trip. What will you see inside? Visits run as guided tours that move through a sequence of chambers of varying height and width. The walls and ceilings still carry the visible imprint of flowing lava — rippled surfaces, hardened rock "rivers," and points where the passage narrows sharply or opens into a broad hall. The lighting design is built around these shapes, and one chamber is known for its unusual acoustics: it is sometimes referred to as a "concert hall" because of the natural echo, and it has historically hosted musical performances. The cave's history goes beyond geology. Local islanders once used this maze of passages as a hiding place during pirate and corsair raids that struck the coasts of Lanzarote in past centuries — knowledge of the tunnel's layout gave residents a way to disappear from attackers who did not know the terrain. When should you visit? The temperature inside the cave stays steady year-round, so surface weather has little bearing on the experience itself. That said, this is a popular stop on northern Lanzarote itineraries, so mornings tend to be calmer than midday during peak tourist season. It's worth checking the current guided-tour schedule before arriving, since access is organized in timed groups rather than free entry. Practical tips Because the floor is uneven, ceiling height varies, and some sections have limited light, comfortable and stable footwear is recommended. The cave is not adapted for reduced mobility to the same degree as surface attractions, so it's worth confirming accessibility in advance if that's a concern. The guided tour includes commentary on how the cave formed and its historical role, making it a useful stop for understanding Lanzarote's volcanic past beyond what's visible on the surface. Frequently Asked Questions How is Cueva de los Verdes different from Jameos del Agua? Both sites are part of the same lava tube created by the La Corona volcano, but they feel very different. Cueva de los Verdes is the more raw, natural section explored on a guided walk, while Jameos del Agua is a landscaped space with gardens and a pool built into a collapsed part of the same tunnel. Can you only visit the cave with a guide? Yes, access is organized in guided groups, which allows visitors to move safely across the uneven terrain while learning about the site's formation and history. Why is part of the cave called a "concert hall"? One chamber has unusually strong natural acoustics, producing an echo effect that has been used for musical performances over the years. Does the cave have a connection to pirate history on Lanzarote? Yes, local residents used the tunnel system as a refuge during pirate raids on the island in past centuries, and that history remains part of what makes the site notable today.

Cueva Sabuquera ice house

Alcublas

Cueva Sabuquera is a natural sinkhole cave in Alcublas, in the province of Valencia, that served for centuries as a nevero — a natural facility for storing and preserving snow and ice. It lies within the Solana y Barranco de la Lucía Municipal Nature Reserve, surrounded by the limestone hills typical of Valencia's inland countryside. What is Cueva Sabuquera? It is a large, deep karst sinkhole, roughly 100 metres long on a north-south axis, between 20 and 40 metres wide, and reaching a depth of about 8.5 to 15 metres. For generations — with use likely going back to the Arab period — locals collected winter snow inside the cave, packed and compressed it into ice, and hauled it down to town by cart. Before refrigeration existed, that ice was used in hospitals as a painkiller and as an aid during surgical procedures. A stone wall still stands inside the cave, closing off its southern end; it helped keep the stored snow and ice insulated and slowed their melting. The combination of depth and constant humidity created a distinct microclimate inside the cave, where plants normally found in much wetter, cooler forests manage to grow — a striking contrast with the dry Mediterranean landscape outside. How do you get to Cueva Sabuquera? The cave sits along the PR-CV 105 trail, known as the Sendero de los Oficios (Alcublas – Cueva Sabuquera – Balsa Silvestre). The route starts in Alcublas and runs on foot through the nature reserve, linking several sites connected to the traditional trades once practiced by local residents, including snow collection and ice-making. The cave's coordinates are 39.840503, -0.697414, useful for locating it on a map and planning the walk from the village centre. What can you see there? The sheer scale of the sinkhole is the main draw — its size and depth are striking, especially given the modest, rocky opening at the surface. Look out for the interior wall and for the unusual vegetation growing inside, a direct result of the humid microclimate at depth. The Sendero de los Oficios also passes remnants of a Spanish Civil War defensive line, including trenches, adding a layer of 20th-century history to a walk otherwise built around older rural traditions. When is the best time to visit? Because the site is reached on foot through open, natural terrain, spring and autumn are the most comfortable seasons to visit this part of inland Valencia, when temperatures are milder. Summer heat can make longer walks in the area demanding, although the cave's interior — thanks to its depth and humidity — stays noticeably cooler than the surrounding countryside. Frequently Asked Questions What was Cueva Sabuquera used for historically? It functioned as a nevero, a natural ice house: snow gathered in winter was packed into ice and carried to town for uses that included hospital care. Can visitors go inside the cave? Yes, it can be reached on the PR-CV 105 walking trail (Sendero de los Oficios) starting in Alcublas. Sturdy walking shoes are recommended, as the terrain is uneven. Why does unusual vegetation grow inside the cave? The depth and constant humidity create a microclimate similar to that of wetter mountain forests, allowing plants that are rare in the surrounding dry landscape to thrive underground. What else is there to see along the route? The Sendero de los Oficios also runs near the remains of Spanish Civil War trenches, giving the walk historical interest beyond the cave itself.

Cova de Jeroni

Benialí

Cova de Jeroni is a rock art site tucked into a ravine near Benialí, one of the eight villages that make up La Vall de Gallinera in the province of Alicante. Also known as Barranc de la Cova Jeroni, it is one of the lesser-known but genuinely rewarding stops for anyone tracing prehistoric rock art through the northern Marina Alta area. What will you see at Cova de Jeroni? The rock shelter preserves paintings in the schematic and macroschematic styles, two of the traditions that define Levantine prehistoric rock art on the Iberian Peninsula. Unlike the naturalistic hunting scenes found in Paleolithic caves further north in Spain, the figures here are simplified marks and symbols rather than detailed representations of animals or people. Cova de Jeroni forms part of a wider cluster of schematic rock art sites documented across the northern reaches of Alicante province, an area recognized as one of the more significant concentrations of this painting tradition on Spain's eastern coast. Because the original pigments are faint and exposed to the elements, the motifs can be difficult to make out clearly on site without prior knowledge of where to look. A faithful reproduction of the paintings from Barranc de la Cova Jeroni is on permanent display at the Museu Arqueològic de Gandia. It's a practical option if you want to study the motifs up close, under proper lighting, without hiking into the ravine itself. How do you get to Cova de Jeroni? The site sits in the hilly terrain surrounding Benialí, within the valley of La Vall de Gallinera. The valley runs along the Gallinera river, and its eight villages — Benialí among them — are linked by local roads and walking paths that cross terraced hillsides dotted with old almond and olive groves. Reaching the ravine itself means leaving the main roads and walking, so sturdy footwear is worth packing, and it's a good idea to check with the Vall de Gallinera tourist office about the current state of the trail markers, since access to the rock shelters can vary with the season. Benialí itself is a small, quiet village and the usual starting point for most local walking routes into the surrounding countryside. When is the best time to visit? Given the exposed, mountainous terrain and limited tree cover along much of the walking routes, spring and autumn are the most comfortable seasons to visit, with mild temperatures and better visibility of the paintings than under the harsh midday sun typical of an Alicante summer. If you do go in summer, aim for early morning and bring water and sun protection — the valley offers little natural shade over the longer stretches of trail. Frequently Asked Questions Can I see the paintings without a difficult hike? Yes — a reproduction of the Cova de Jeroni motifs is displayed at the Museu Arqueològic de Gandia, so you can view them without walking into the ravine. What kind of rock art is at Cova de Jeroni? It features schematic and macroschematic paintings: simplified marks and symbols rather than realistic depictions of animals or hunting scenes. Is Cova de Jeroni the only site of its kind in the area? No — it belongs to a broader group of schematic rock art sites found across northern Alicante province, one of the more notable regions for this painting tradition in Spain. Are there other things to see near Benialí on the same trip? Benialí is one of eight villages in La Vall de Gallinera, so it's easy to pair a visit to Cova de Jeroni with a walk through the valley's other villages and their local architecture.

Cova de l'Or

Beniarrés

Cova de l'Or is a cave in the municipality of Beniarrés, in the province of Alicante, Valencian Community. The cave mouth opens on the southern slope of the Serra del Benicadell, overlooking the Alcoi river valley. It ranks among the key reference sites for understanding the earliest Neolithic in the Iberian Peninsula: radiocarbon dating of carbonized cereal remains found here points to roughly 5600 BCE, making it one of the oldest known traces of farming and livestock-keeping in the region. Why does Cova de l'Or matter so much to archaeologists? The cave was first documented and test-excavated by R. Pardo in 1933. Systematic excavation only began in 1955, carried out by Valencia's Prehistoric Research Service under the direction of J. San Valero and V. Pascual. Work continued through 1956–1958 and resumed for a longer campaign between 1975 and 1985 under V. Pascual and B. Martí. Decades of fieldwork produced one of the richest assemblages of any Early Neolithic site on Spain's Mediterranean coast, cementing the cave's role as a benchmark for research into the region's first farming communities. What was found inside the cave? The best-known finds are ceramics decorated by pressing the edge of a cardium shell into the wet clay — the hallmark technique of the so-called Cardial Ware culture, one of the earliest farming cultures of the western Mediterranean. Alongside the pottery, excavators recovered flint tools (blades used as knives and sickle elements), polished stone axes for working wood, and spoons carved from bone. Remains of cultivated cereals (wheat, barley) and legumes (beans, lentils, peas), together with the bones of domestic animals — mostly sheep, with smaller numbers of goats, pigs, cattle and dogs — show that the cave's occupants were already settled farmers and herders rather than pure hunter-gatherers. What do the decorated ceramics mean? Some of the pottery from Cova de l'Or carries anthropomorphic motifs that researchers link to the rock art found at the nearby sites of Pla de Petracos and La Sarga. The resemblance suggests the ceramic decoration may have carried a religious or symbolic meaning beyond simple ornament. This connection between painted rock art and decorated pottery is one of the reasons the site continues to draw attention from specialists studying Mediterranean Neolithic societies. How can you visit Cova de l'Or? The cave is not an open, walk-in tourist attraction. Visits need to be arranged in advance through the Beniarrés town hall, which makes it a destination better suited to travelers genuinely interested in prehistory than to casual sightseers. Pairing a visit with the nearby prehistoric rock art sites around Alcoi is a natural way to build a fuller picture of how the region's first farming communities lived and expressed themselves. Frequently Asked Questions Where exactly is Cova de l'Or located? On the southern slope of the Serra del Benicadell, within the municipality of Beniarrés in the province of Alicante, overlooking the Alcoi river valley. How old is the site? The oldest layers have been radiocarbon-dated to around 5600 BCE, making it one of the earliest evidence of agriculture on the Iberian Peninsula. What kinds of artifacts were discovered there? Mainly Cardial Ware pottery, flint tools, polished stone axes, bone spoons, and traces of cultivated cereals and domesticated animals. Can visitors explore the cave on their own? No — visits must be booked in advance through the Beniarrés town hall, since the site does not operate as a self-guided tourist attraction.

Bauma del Sequer

Sant Vicenç de Castellet

Bauma del Sequer is a small rock shelter tucked into the Vallhonesta valley, within the municipality of Sant Vicenç de Castellet in the Bages region of Catalonia. It's a quiet spot where nature and history overlap, drawing hikers who want more from a walk than just scenery. What exactly is Bauma del Sequer? In Catalan, "bauma" refers to a shallow cave or rock overhang, and this one carries a specific historical weight: during the postwar Francoist dictatorship, it was used as a hideout by the maquis, the anti-Franco resistance fighters active in rural Catalonia. Local accounts name several figures said to have passed through or sheltered in the area, including Ramon Vila Capdevila, known as "Caracremada," along with Elio Ziglioli, Joan Busquets, and Saturnino Culebras. The site is now a point of interest for anyone tracing that chapter of the region's history. How do you get there? A forest trail marked with wooden posts painted in a green-and-white pattern leads to Bauma del Sequer through a pine woodland in the Vallhonesta valley. The path forms part of a longer circular hiking route that starts in Sant Vicenç de Castellet and continues toward other historic spots in the valley, including the hermitages of Sant Pere de Vallhonesta and Sant Jaume de Vallhonesta. The terrain is rocky and forested in stretches, so sturdy hiking shoes are worth packing. What else is worth seeing nearby? Vallhonesta is a valley defined by small stone hamlets, scattered hermitages, and pine-covered hills — a landscape that rewards slow exploration rather than a quick stop. Combining Bauma del Sequer with the neighboring hermitages on the same loop gives a fuller picture of both the natural setting and the valley's resistance-era history, a layer of the past that isn't widely known outside the region. Who is this visit for? This is a destination for travelers who enjoy moderate hiking paired with genuine historical curiosity, not a drive-up viewpoint. Reaching it takes some walking on a forest trail, but in exchange visitors get an uncrowded route with a real, lesser-known story attached to it. Frequently Asked Questions What is Bauma del Sequer? It's a small rock cave in the Vallhonesta valley, notable for having served as a hideout for maquis fighters resisting the Franco dictatorship in the postwar period. How do you reach the cave? Via a marked forest trail that forms part of a circular hiking route starting in Sant Vicenç de Castellet and running through the Vallhonesta valley. Is the trail difficult? The path crosses forested, rocky terrain, so comfortable hiking shoes are recommended, though the route doesn't require advanced fitness or technical skill. What else can be visited along the way? The same route passes nearby hermitages in the Vallhonesta valley, such as Sant Pere de Vallhonesta and Sant Jaume de Vallhonesta, making for a good combined visit.

Cova de la Cinta

Matadepera

Cova de la Cinta is a small cave in the municipality of Matadepera, in the Vallès Occidental region of Catalonia, not far from Barcelona. It sits in an area known for its dense concentration of karst features carved into conglomerate rock — Matadepera alone has dozens of catalogued caves and sinkholes (avencs), and Cova de la Cinta is one of the smaller entries on that list. How big is Cova de la Cinta? This is a modest-sized cavity: its passage runs roughly 15 metres in length, with a height difference of around 9 metres. That makes Cova de la Cinta considerably smaller than some of the more extensive caves documented in the same area, where certain routes stretch several hundred metres. Because of its limited scale, exploring it doesn't call for advanced caving gear, though as with any karst cave, the interior is dark, damp and requires a torch. Where exactly is the cave located? Cova de la Cinta lies within the municipal boundaries of Matadepera, a town set at the foot of the hills northwest of Barcelona, in a landscape shaped by extensive karst weathering of conglomerate rock. The area has long attracted local caving groups and hikers — besides Cova de la Cinta, dozens of other caves and rock shelters have been catalogued nearby, all formed under similar geological conditions. How did this cave form? Like most cavities in the region, Cova de la Cinta developed through karst processes acting on conglomerate rock — water slowly dissolving and washing away the binding material between pebbles, opening up voids and passages over long stretches of time. This type of karst landscape is typical of the whole Matadepera area, where hard conglomerate forms steep outcrops riddled with caves of varying size. Is it worth visiting? Cova de la Cinta is not a show cave with lighting, walkways or guided tours — it's a natural karst feature known mainly to local cavers and cave-exploration enthusiasts. For travellers interested in the unusual natural landscape around Matadepera, it can make an interesting stop along a hiking route, provided they come prepared with basic gear such as a torch and sturdy footwear. Don't expect tourist infrastructure or marked trails leading directly to the entrance. What else should visitors know about the area? Matadepera is a hillside town popular with people from Barcelona looking for a quick escape into nature. The sheer number of karst formations in the region — caves, rock shelters and sinkholes — means the area is regularly visited by caving associations carrying out surveys and research. Cova de la Cinta, though small, is part of this broader cave system documented by local speleological groups. Frequently Asked Questions How big is Cova de la Cinta? The cave is about 15 metres long with a height difference of roughly 9 metres, making it a small karst feature. Is the cave set up for tourist visits? No — it's a natural cave without lighting or infrastructure, known mainly to local cavers. Where is Cova de la Cinta located? In the municipality of Matadepera, in the Vallès Occidental region of Catalonia, an area rich in karst formations. Are there other caves nearby worth visiting? Yes, Matadepera has dozens of other catalogued caves and sinkholes of varying size and character.

Cova de les Aranyes del Carabassí

Santa Pola

Cova de les Aranyes del Carabassí is an archaeological cave near Santa Pola, in the province of Alicante, in the Valencian Community. Set into a hillside ravine in the Sierra de Santa Pola, it was once known locally as Cueva de los Frailes. The site ranks among the most significant prehistoric locations on the southern Alicante coast, drawing interest from archaeologists and rock-art enthusiasts alike. Where is the cave and what does it look like? The cave sits within the municipality of Santa Pola, along a low coastal mountain range near the Carabassí shoreline. Its entrance opens on the slope of one of the ravines cutting through this section of the sierra, so reaching it means walking through dry, typically Mediterranean scrubland characteristic of this stretch of coast. The cave itself is modest in scale compared with large karst systems, but its interior preserves traces of thousands of years of human presence. Why does this cave matter archaeologically? Excavations inside the cave have uncovered evidence of occupation across several prehistoric phases. The oldest layer dates to the Paleolithic, where flint tools and the remains of hunted animals were recovered. A later phase of occupation dates to the third millennium BC, when groups using the cave focused on hunting and fishing. During the Neolithic, the cave took on a different role — it was used as a pen for goats, and pottery decorated with incised and impressed techniques, along with bone punches, date from this period. This layered sequence makes the cave a valuable record of how life along this coast changed over time. What makes the cave paintings unusual? The rock art found deep inside the cave is what sets this site apart. It is one of the rare instances of Levantine rock art found not in an open-air shelter, as is typical for this style, but in the darkness of a cave interior. The painted composition sits on a vertical rock block attached to the cave wall, in a spot set back from the entrance. This unusual setting — artwork hidden away from daylight rather than displayed on an exposed shelter — makes the site stand out among comparable Levantine art locations along Spain's eastern coast. Where can visitors see the finds from the cave? The archaeological material recovered from the cave did not stay on site. It is held across three museum collections: the Museo Arqueológico e Historia de Elche (MAHE), the Museo Arqueológico Provincial de Alicante (MARQ), and the Museo del Mar in Santa Pola itself. These museums display the tools, pottery, and other objects unearthed at the cave, along with information on the context of their discovery. What protection status does the site hold? Cova de les Aranyes del Carabassí is registered as a Bien de Interés Cultural (BIC), Spain's highest category of heritage protection. It also forms part of the network of sites inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List under the Rock Art of the Mediterranean Basin on the Iberian Peninsula. This dual recognition, national and international, underscores the scientific and cultural importance of the location. Frequently Asked Questions Where exactly is Cova de les Aranyes del Carabassí located? The cave lies on the slope of a ravine in the Sierra de Santa Pola, within the municipality of Santa Pola in the province of Alicante. Can visitors see cave paintings inside? Yes, deep inside the cave there is a Levantine art composition painted on a vertical rock block — a rare example of this style of rock art found hidden inside a cave rather than in an open shelter. What has been found at this site? Excavations have recovered Paleolithic flint tools, evidence of hunting and fishing activity from around five thousand years ago, and Neolithic pottery and bone tools from the period when the cave served as an animal pen. Is the cave legally protected? Yes, it holds Bien de Interés Cultural status and is part of a site inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List covering Mediterranean Basin rock art.

Abrigo de Arpán

Colungo

Abrigo de Arpán is a rock shelter with prehistoric paintings in the municipality of Colungo, in the Huesca province of Aragón, Spain. Where is the Abrigo de Arpán located? The shelter sits in the Arpán ravine, a side gorge of the Vero River, within the Sierra de Guara. It forms part of the Cultural Park of the Vero River (Parque Cultural del Río Vero), which protects dozens of painted rock shelters scattered along the river's canyons. The surrounding landscape is markedly karstic, with steep limestone walls, narrow gorges and sparse vegetation typical of the Pre-Pyrenean foothills. What kind of rock art can be seen here? The shelter preserves paintings in the Levantine style together with Schematic art and engraved figures, layered one over another from different prehistoric periods. Visible motifs include archers, deer and other four-legged animals, typical of the rock art tradition found along the Mediterranean arc of the Iberian Peninsula. Because both artistic traditions coexist at a single site, Arpán is considered one of the most complete samples of rock art found anywhere along the Vero valley. Why is Arpán historically significant? Arpán was the first major discovery made in 1978 by the survey team from the Huesca Museum, led by archaeologist Vicente Baldellou. Since 1998, its paintings have formed part of the UNESCO World Heritage listing "Rock Art of the Mediterranean Basin on the Iberian Peninsula," alongside other shelters sharing the same artistic tradition across eastern Spain. Not far from Arpán lies the Palaeolithic cave of Fuente del Trucho, which adds further depth to the archaeological record of this stretch of the Vero valley. How do you get to the shelter? A marked path starts near Colungo and follows the Arpán ravine toward the shelter, crossing the rugged, canyon-cut terrain typical of the Sierra de Guara. The route runs through mostly open ground with little shade, so sturdy footwear and water are worth bringing. Along the way, the trail offers views of both the painted shelter itself and the surrounding canyon scenery of the Vero river system. What should visitors know before going? A good starting point is the Centro de Arte Rupestre (Rock Art Centre) in Colungo, which serves as the information point for the Cultural Park of the Vero River. Staff there can confirm which shelters are currently open, whether a guide is required, and how best to plan the route to Arpán. Because the paintings are fragile and protected, access to some shelters is restricted, so it is worth checking current visiting conditions before setting out. Frequently Asked Questions What is the Abrigo de Arpán? It is a rock shelter with Levantine and Schematic prehistoric paintings, located in the Arpán ravine near Colungo, within the Cultural Park of the Vero River. Is Arpán part of a UNESCO World Heritage site? Yes, since 1998 it has belonged to the listing "Rock Art of the Mediterranean Basin on the Iberian Peninsula." Where does the trail to Arpán begin? The path starts near Colungo and follows the Arpán ravine; visiting the Rock Art Centre in town first is a good way to plan the route and check access. What do the paintings at Arpán depict? They depict archers, deer and other quadrupeds, characteristic of the Levantine and Schematic rock art styles found in the region.

Cueva del Toro

Arroyo de la Miel-Benalmádena Costa

Cueva del Toro is a prehistoric archaeological site above Benalmádena, perched on the limestone cliffs of Cerro del Calamorro a short distance from the resort centre and the Arroyo de la Miel-Benalmádena Costa area on the Costa del Sol. The cave sits at roughly 528 metres above sea level, a little over two kilometres north of town. Its mouth faces south, and the small ledge in front of the entrance opens onto a sweeping view of the Malaga coastline and bay — one of the reasons researchers believe the spot once served as a rock sanctuary rather than a simple shelter. What will you see at Cueva del Toro? The main draw is a rock painting deep inside the cave: an acephalous bovine figure (a bull-like animal shown without a visible head) alongside a cluster of black dots on the cave wall. The artwork went unnoticed for years after the cave itself was found, until researchers M. Giménez Gómez and J. Fortea Pérez carried out the first detailed study. The paintings are linked to the Solutrean-Magdalenian period, and some research suggests human activity at the site could date back 40,000 to 50,000 years, making Cueva del Toro one of the older documented rock-art sites along the Malaga coast. A local resident discovered the cave in 1969, and it has been studied on and off ever since — most recently as part of the international First Art project, which is documenting the paintings using 3D techniques and working on their long-term protection. Benalmádena, together with twelve other decorated Palaeolithic caves in Malaga province, is part of a joint bid for inclusion on the UNESCO World Heritage List. How do you get there? Cueva del Toro sits in hilly terrain above Benalmádena, so reaching it involves a short walk uphill from the nearest access point. Because the paintings are fragile and the site is officially protected, you can't simply walk into the cave itself — the Benalmádena town hall periodically organises guided visits and open days focused on the prehistoric art. It's worth checking the current schedule with the local tourist office or town hall before setting out, rather than turning up unannounced. When is the best time to visit? Given the south-facing exposure and the dry, rocky terrain, spring and autumn are the most comfortable seasons, when Costa del Sol temperatures are milder than at the height of summer. In summer the exposed path up the cliff heats up quickly, so an early-morning visit is the safer bet. Frequently asked questions Can you enter the cave on your own? Not always — access to the painted interior is restricted and usually limited to guided visits organised by the Benalmádena authorities. What do the paintings at Cueva del Toro show? The main panel features a headless bull-like figure and a group of black dots, dated to the Solutrean-Magdalenian period. Is Cueva del Toro part of a UNESCO bid? Yes, it forms part of a joint candidacy with twelve other decorated Palaeolithic caves from Malaga province for the UNESCO World Heritage List. How far is the cave from central Benalmádena? The site lies about two kilometres north of town at roughly 528 metres above sea level, reached via a short climb through hilly terrain.

Cova d'en Rossell

Àger

Cova d'en Rossell is a small cave in the municipality of Àger, in Lleida province, set within the Serra del Montsec range in Catalonia. The area is defined by limestone terrain, deep gorges, and some of the darkest night skies in Europe — Montsec is home to an astronomical park that takes full advantage of the region's near-total absence of light pollution. The cave sits along the Camí dels Petrolers walking route, which links several local landmarks: the Santuari de Colobor shrine, the Font de Gabrieló spring, and the Ermita de Pedra hermitage. Because of this, Cova d'en Rossell is rarely a standalone destination — most visitors come across it while hiking the longer trail through the surrounding hills. How do you get to Cova d'en Rossell? The starting point is the village of Àger, at the foot of the Serra del Montsec, roughly an hour's drive from Lleida. There is no road access to the cave itself — it can only be reached on foot, via the Camí dels Petrolers trail, which crosses rocky, partly wooded terrain typical of this part of the Montsec. It's worth checking a trail map beforehand (routes are documented on Wikiloc) and wearing proper hiking shoes, since the ground is uneven and stony in places. The nearest larger city with good road connections is Lleida, from where local roads lead to Àger. Plan for a full outing: linking several points of interest along the way — the shrine, the spring, the hermitage, and the cave — typically takes several hours of walking. What should you know about the surrounding area? The Montsec range is one of Catalonia's most distinctive landscapes: a limestone ridge with cliffs where griffon vultures nest, and deep canyons, the best known being the Congost de Mont-rebei on the border with Aragón. Àger itself is a small, historic village with a medieval collegiate church, Sant Pere d'Àger, worth a short visit before or after heading into the hills. Cova d'en Rossell, though modest in size and not widely featured in guidebooks, fits into this landscape as one of the many natural rock shelters typical of the region's limestone massifs. The area mainly draws hikers, birdwatchers, and stargazers — the night sky above Montsec is among the best preserved in Europe. When is the best time to visit? Spring (April to June) and early autumn (September to October) are the best times to hike to Cova d'en Rossell, when temperatures are mild and the trail isn't baked by summer heat. Summers in this part of Catalonia can get very hot, making longer walks across exposed, rocky ground uncomfortable. If stargazing is part of your plan, aim for a calm, moonless night — Montsec is renowned for dark skies and clear views of the Milky Way. Frequently asked questions Can you drive to Cova d'en Rossell? No — the cave is only reachable on foot, via the Camí dels Petrolers trail starting near Àger. How long does it take to get there? It depends on the route you choose, but combining several points along the way (shrine, spring, hermitage, cave) usually takes a few hours of walking round trip. Is the cave lit or set up for guided visits? There's no indication of that — it's a natural rock formation with no tourist infrastructure, visited mainly by hikers passing along the trail. What else is worth seeing near Àger? The Sant Pere d'Àger collegiate church, the Congost de Mont-rebei gorge, and the Parc Astronòmic Montsec — if you're staying overnight in the region, it's worth pairing the hike with some stargazing.

Port Cave

Calasparra

Port Cave (Cueva del Puerto) in Calasparra Port Cave (Spanish: Cueva del Puerto) is a cave in the municipality of Calasparra, in the Murcia region of southeastern Spain. It holds the record for the largest horizontal cave system in the region, with close to 5 km of surveyed passages out of roughly six kilometers of known galleries in total. The cave is hypogenic in origin, meaning its passages were not carved by surface rainwater but by hot thermal waters rich in sulfuric acid and CO2, which dissolved the surrounding limestone over millions of years. This process began around 15 million years ago and produced a network of chambers with unusual rock formations rarely found elsewhere. How do you get to Port Cave? The cave sits about 14 km from the center of Calasparra. It is reached via the RM-714 road, which connects Calasparra to the village of Venta del Olivo — the route is signposted and does not require driving off-road. A car is the practical option, since public transport in the area is limited, and parking is available right at the cave entrance. What will you see inside? The tourist route winds through a series of distinctive chambers, each named after its appearance — among them the Jellyfish Room (Sala de la Medusa), the Gaudí Room, the Sistine Room, and the Roots Room (Sala de las Raíces). Each one displays mineral formations shaped by thermal water activity, differing noticeably from the classic dripstone formations found in ordinary karst caves. The standard visit lasts 60–70 minutes and is designed to be accessible to visitors of any age, with no prior caving experience needed. For those after something more demanding, the cave also offers sport routes that descend deeper into the system, reaching the Gran Diaclasa, a large rock fissure that ranks among the site's most striking geological features. Because of its hypogenic characteristics, Port Cave is regarded by researchers as a reference model for this type of cave in Spain, and it has hosted speleological conferences focused on hypogenic caves across the Murcia and Valencia regions. When is the best time to visit? The cave is open for visits year-round, and the internal temperature stays stable regardless of the season — a welcome relief from Murcia's summer heat, and equally comfortable in winter. Because the number of spots on each tour is limited, it's worth booking ahead, especially on weekends and during peak holiday periods when demand is highest. Do you need to book in advance? Yes — entry is only possible with a prior phone reservation. Walk-in visits are not accommodated, so you need to call ahead and arrange a time slot before arriving. Frequently asked questions How far is Port Cave from central Calasparra? About 14 km, reached by the RM-714 road heading toward Venta del Olivo. How long does a visit take? The standard tourist route runs 60–70 minutes and suits visitors of any age or experience level. Is the cave suitable for children and older visitors? Yes, the standard route is designed to be accessible for families with children as well as older visitors. What makes Port Cave different from a typical karst cave? It's a hypogenic cave — its passages were shaped by hot, sulfuric-acid- and CO2-rich thermal water rather than surface rainwater, producing unusual rock formations rarely seen in other caves in the region.

Erralla

Zestoa

Erralla is a cave archaeological site in Zestoa, in the Gipuzkoa province of the Basque Country, set in the valley of the Urola river. It is one of several Palaeolithic sites clustered in this area — the caves of Ekain and Amalda lie just a few kilometres away, making the Urola valley one of the key regions for research into Western Europe's deep past. What was discovered at Erralla? The cave was occupied by humans during the Magdalenian period, and one of its layers (level V) has been dated to around 10,580 years ago, corresponding to the Lower Magdalenian. Excavations led by Basque archaeologists Jesús Altuna, Alfonso Baldeón and Koro Mariezkurrena uncovered a rich assemblage of bone tools and faunal remains typical of hunter-gatherer groups of that era. One especially notable find is a canid humerus bone recovered from the Lower Magdalenian layer. Analysis and radiocarbon dating suggest it may represent one of the earliest examples of a domesticated dog in Europe, placing Erralla at the centre of scientific debate about the origins of the human-dog relationship. Can you visit the cave itself? Erralla is primarily a scientific excavation site rather than a tourist attraction — free access to the cave is not permitted, since its archaeological layers are protected from disturbance. Travellers curious about the region's prehistory should instead head to Ekainberri, an interpretation centre in the same municipality of Zestoa, which houses a faithful replica of the nearby Ekain cave and its Palaeolithic rock art, considered among the best preserved in Europe. How to get to Zestoa? Zestoa sits in the Urola valley, between Azpeitia and the Cantabrian coast, within easy reach of San Sebastián (Donostia) and Bilbao — both cities have road and rail links to the area. A car is the most practical way to explore, since it lets you combine a visit to Ekainberri with short trips to nearby Urola valley towns and the coast, such as Zumaia and its striking flysch cliffs. When is the best time to go? The region has an Atlantic climate — mild but rainy for much of the year. The best months to visit are spring (April–June) and early autumn (September–October), when temperatures are pleasant and crowds thinner than in high summer. In summer, the Urola valley sees more family traffic heading to the coastal beaches, which means busier conditions at nearby attractions, including Ekainberri — booking ahead is recommended. Why does Erralla matter scientifically? Together with Ekain and Amalda, Erralla forms a sequence of sites that lets researchers trace changes in the way human groups lived in the Urola valley over millennia — from hunting strategies to the seasonal mobility of Magdalenian bands. Combined palynological and archaeozoological studies of these three sites provide one of the most complete pictures of the Upper Palaeolithic in southern Europe. Frequently asked questions Is Erralla cave open to the public? No — it is an active or protected research site with no free public access. Anyone interested in the topic should visit Ekainberri in the same municipality instead. What was found inside Erralla cave? Bone and stone tools from the Magdalenian period, plus a canid bone considered one of the earliest pieces of evidence for dog domestication in Europe. How do you get to Zestoa? The easiest way is by car from San Sebastián or Bilbao — both are under an hour's drive away. Are there other Palaeolithic sites nearby? Yes — the same Urola valley contains the caves of Ekain and Amalda, together forming an important research complex for the Upper Palaeolithic.

Cueva de Andrebod

Bierge

Cueva de Andrebod is a large, dry cave in the Sierra de Guara, within the municipality of Bierge, in the province of Huesca, Aragón. It sits inside the Garganta Baja gorge (also known as the Barranco Andrebod), on the way toward Seral and Losa Mora, within the Sierra y Cañones de Guara Natural Park. What will you see inside? Andrebod is the largest cave in this part of the Sierra de Guara. Its wide mouth is visible from a distance to anyone hiking through the Garganta Baja — the entrance measures roughly 44 metres across and 6 to 8 metres high, while the cave itself runs about 70 metres deep. The interior is dry and steep, with a floor that climbs upward toward the back, covered in rocks coated with limestone crusts up to two decimetres thick. Near the rear, the ceiling flattens out and is lined with rope-like limestone formations that resemble the beams of a roof. The cave also carries archaeological weight: a red pictograph was found inside and documented in 1972 by researcher Antonio Beltrán in his monograph on the rock art of Lecina. Because of this find, Cueva de Andrebod is listed as a site of cultural interest in the province of Huesca. The cave's name first appears in written records back in 1878, in a note by the geologist Lucas Mallada. How do you get there? Reaching the cave takes some effort — there is no comfortable marked trail, and the final approach is steep and demands decent fitness. That lack of infrastructure is precisely why the site has kept its wild, secluded character. Andrebod sits along popular circular hiking routes around Bierge and Rodellar, so most visitors reach it as part of a longer walk through the Sierra de Guara canyons rather than as a standalone destination. Sturdy hiking boots, water, and a good trail map are worth carrying, since the ground is rocky and signage is minimal. When is the best time to visit? Spring and autumn are the best seasons, when temperatures across Aragón are mild and the canyon trails around Guara aren't baking under the summer sun. Summers in the region can get very hot, making the steep climb to the cave uncomfortable, while winter rains can leave some stretches muddy or slippery. The Sierra de Guara area is famous for its canyons and gorges, so many visitors pair a stop at the cave with a longer stay focused on canyoning and hiking through the surrounding valleys. Frequently asked questions Is there a marked trail to Cueva de Andrebod? No, there is no comfortable, signposted path — the approach is steep and requires care, especially near the top. Can you see rock art inside the cave? Yes, a red pictograph was documented here in 1972, giving the cave archaeological significance. How large is Cueva de Andrebod? It's the largest cave in this part of the Sierra de Guara, roughly 44 metres wide, 70 metres deep, and 6 to 8 metres high at the entrance. Is it worth combining with other spots near Bierge? Yes, the cave lies along hiking routes toward Seral and Losa Mora, making it a natural stop on a longer trip through the Sierra de Guara canyons.

Sima de la Raja

Villanueva de Alcorón

Sima de la Raja is a vertical karst cave in the municipality of Villanueva de Alcorón, in the province of Guadalajara, inside the Alto Tajo Natural Park. This is a destination for people drawn to real caving rather than a paved-path attraction — reaching the inside requires speleological gear and basic rope-descent technique. What is this place? Sima de la Raja is a karst shaft roughly 90 metres deep. Its entrance is a narrow fissure in the ground, easy to spot thanks to a tree growing right beside the opening. The first stretch is a vertical shaft about 45 metres long, wide near the surface and narrowing as it descends. At the bottom of this first drop, a stone ramp leads to a side chamber filled with dripstone formations — stalactites and other rock structures shaped over thousands of years. In 2018, the Castilla-La Mancha Federation of Speleology and Canyoning selected Sima de la Raja as the second "school sima" of the Serrezuela de Valsalobre, a site set aside for training vertical caving techniques such as rope descent and ascent. It should not be confused with the nearby Sima de Alcorón, a much more accessible cave roughly 63 metres deep, fitted with 207 steps and handrails and built for ordinary visitors who do not carry climbing equipment. How to get there? Sima de la Raja is reached via the CM-2101 road linking Villanueva de Alcorón and Peñalén. About 600 metres before the Refugio de la Zapatilla recreational area and the entrance to Sima de Alcorón, an unmarked track branches off toward the cave opening. The route runs through the Alto Tajo Natural Park, so a good map or GPS device is worth carrying — the entrance is not visible from the road and is easy to miss. What should you know before going in? Descending into Sima de la Raja is a technical activity that calls for proper preparation: harness, rope, carabiners, and the skills needed to move through a vertical cave. This is not an outing for casual visitors without experience, unlike the neighbouring Sima de Alcorón, which has fixed stairs and lighting. Anyone interested in the region's karst landscape and geology without wanting to rappel is better served by that second cave, or by the scenic hiking trails nearby in the Tagus valley. When to visit? Spring and autumn are the best times to come, when surface temperatures are mild and the cave interior stays at a constant, cool temperature year-round regardless of the season. In summer it is worth avoiding the hottest hours of the day on the approach to the entrance, while in winter the access track can be difficult after rain or snow. Frequently asked questions Can you enter Sima de la Raja without caving experience? It is not advisable. The descent requires speleological equipment and technical skill — the first stretch alone is a vertical shaft nearly 45 metres deep. How deep is the cave? Sima de la Raja is roughly 90 metres deep, with an entrance shaft of about 45 metres leading down to a chamber filled with dripstone formations. How is it different from Sima de Alcorón? Sima de Alcorón is a separate, nearby cave that is far easier to visit, fitted with 207 steps and handrails, and suited to ordinary visitors without climbing gear. How do you find the entrance? The opening sits just off the CM-2101 road between Villanueva de Alcorón and Peñalén, about 600 metres before the Refugio de la Zapatilla — recognizable by its narrow fissure in the ground with a tree growing beside it.

Cueva del Hundidero

Montejaque

Cueva del Hundidero is a monumental karst cave in Montejaque, right at the heart of the Sierra de Grazalema Natural Park in Málaga province. It's one of Andalusia's most striking geological sights — the place where the Guadares River suddenly vanishes underground, only to resurface several kilometers away. What will you see there? The cave mouth looks like a giant collapsed amphitheater carved into the limestone. Over thousands of years, the Guadares River dissolved the rock, hollowing out a vast network of underground galleries roughly 4 km long. Water that disappears into the Hundidero doesn't reappear until it reaches the famous Cueva del Gato on the other side of the massif — an underground journey that explains the name "Hundidero," meaning "the place where things sink." Right at the cave entrance stand the ruins of an abandoned dam, the Presa de Montejaque, also known as Presa de los Caballeros or Presa del Hundidero. Built in 1924 in a record nine months, it was at the time the largest barrel-vault dam in Spain and the first structure of its kind in Europe, reaching a height of 74 meters. The project turned out to be an engineering failure: the permeable karst bedrock let the reservoir's water seep away within hours. Despite repair attempts, the dam was eventually abandoned, and today its concrete silhouette offers a stark, post-industrial contrast to the wild landscape around it. The whole area is protected as a Monumento Natural de Andalucía, underlining its outstanding natural and scenic value. How do you get to Cueva del Hundidero? The starting point sits by Montejaque, a small whitewashed village in the Serranía de Ronda, only a short drive from Ronda itself. A marked hiking trail leads to the cave — one of the region's classic routes, linking Hundidero to Cueva del Gato through a scenic canyon carved by the Guadares River. The walk suits anyone with average fitness, though sturdy hiking shoes and water are worth bringing, especially in summer. When is the best time to visit? Spring and autumn are the best seasons, when temperatures in the Serranía de Ronda are mild and river flow lets you fully appreciate the geological spectacle. In summer the rocky basin can get hot, though the cave's interior offers a cool retreat. In winter, after heavy rains, the water flow tends to be at its most dramatic. Frequently asked questions Can you go inside the cave? Reaching the main entrance and the dam ruins is possible on foot without special gear. Exploring the deeper gallery system, however, requires caving experience and equipment, so most visitors stick to admiring the impressive entrance and surrounding ruins. What is the dam next to the cave? It's what remains of the 1924 Presa de Montejaque, an ambitious hydroelectric project that never worked because of the permeable karst ground beneath it. Today it stands as a valued industrial landmark and a highly photogenic stop along the route. Is the trail to Cueva del Gato difficult? The path connecting the two caves runs through the Guadares River canyon and is moderately demanding — no extreme climbs, but good footwear and a sense of orientation help, particularly if you plan a one-way hike. Where exactly is Cueva del Hundidero located? The cave lies within the municipality of Montejaque, inside the Sierra de Grazalema Natural Park in Málaga province, close to Ronda and the wider Serranía de Ronda.

Abric de Seguili

Alcalalí

Abric de Seguili is a prehistoric rock shelter with ancient paintings, set on the limestone ridge of the Sierra del Seguili in the municipality of Alcalalí, in the Marina Alta region of Alicante province. The range separates the valleys of Alcalalí, Orba, Benidoleig and Llosa de Camatxo, and the shelter itself sits on its slopes — a spot that offered both a lookout point and cover for people passing through these hills over thousands of years. What will you see at Abric de Seguili? The rock overhang preserves paintings combining two styles typical of eastern Spanish rock art: schematic art and Levantine art. Schematic art relies on simplified, geometric forms — dots, strokes and stylised human figures — that most likely carried symbolic or ritual meaning. Levantine art is more naturalistic, and at Seguili it includes female figures rendered in the technique characteristic of that tradition. The paintings are dated to the late Neolithic and the Bronze Age, roughly between 4,000 and 1,500 years BCE. The rock art at Seguili belongs to the wider group of sites making up the Rock Art of the Mediterranean Basin on the Iberian Peninsula, recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage property, and it is also listed in the Valencian Cultural Heritage Inventory. Despite its modest size, the shelter therefore carries real scientific and historical weight, offering a window onto continuous human presence and symbolic practice in the area across several millennia. How do you get to Abric de Seguili? A hiking trail crossing the Seguili range leads to the shelter, starting from the area around Alcalalí. The route is not technically demanding — the only tougher stretch is the initial, fairly steep climb onto the ridge. After that, the path continues over gentler terrain with views across the Marina Alta valleys. Because the range is low (around 400 metres above sea level), the whole outing can be completed in a few hours without specialised gear — sturdy walking shoes and water are enough. When should you visit? Spring and autumn are the best times, when temperatures in Marina Alta are mild and the limestone slopes don't heat up too much under direct sun. In summer, it's worth setting off early in the morning to avoid the heat on the exposed sections of the trail. Winter days can be pleasant when sunny, but it's worth checking the forecast, since the ridge can catch strong wind. Why visit Sierra del Seguili? For centuries, the Sierra del Seguili was used as pastureland and for cultivation, visible today in the terracing and dry-stone walls along the slopes. For visitors, it brings together two things: the agricultural landscape typical of inland Marina Alta, and evidence of the earliest human presence in the region, preserved in its rock paintings. The site appeals equally to hikers and to anyone interested in the archaeology and prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. Frequently asked questions What is Abric de Seguili? It's a rock shelter with paintings in the schematic and Levantine styles, dated to the late Neolithic and Bronze Age, located on the Seguili ridge in the municipality of Alcalalí. Is the walk to the shelter difficult? No, the route is moderate — the only challenge is a short, steep climb at the start of the trail. The rest covers gentler ground. Can you visit the paintings freely? The shelter sits along a public hiking route and can be visited independently, but as protected heritage it calls for extra care — the paintings should never be touched. What else is worth seeing nearby? The Marina Alta region, including the towns of Alcalalí, Orba and Parcent, offers a network of hiking trails through almond groves and vineyards, along with other rock art sites forming part of the UNESCO Mediterranean Basin listing.

Cova del Tendo

la Ràpita

Cova del Tendo is a small cave in the Serra del Montsià mountains, rising above the coastal town of la Ràpita near the Ebro Delta. Tucked into the slope of the Moleta de Cartagena, it owes its reputation to a rock painting discovered in 1964, once considered the oldest known cave art in Catalonia. What will you find inside? The cave itself is modest — essentially a narrow, near-vertical shaft that widens as it descends, rather than a system of open chambers. Its entrance sits on a terraced hillside among small plots of land and is marked by a metal gate for safety. The cavity runs to roughly 202 metres, making it one of the better-known, if compact, karst features of the Montsià range. It was here, in 1964, that researcher Eduard Ripoll documented a mural painting showing a bull rendered in an Upper Paleolithic style, paired with a debated Levantine-style human figure interpreted by some as an archer. The bull, facing right, measured around 33 centimetres in height. The find was the first Paleolithic rock painting recorded in the eastern sector of the Iberian Peninsula, with an estimated age of about 22,000 years. Unfortunately, the painting can no longer be seen on site. The rock formation carrying the image was chipped away and taken by an unknown person at some point after its discovery, and its whereabouts have never been established. What remains today is the cave formation itself and its place in the archaeological record of the area. How do you get to Cova del Tendo? The cave lies within the Montsià mountains, in the municipality of la Ràpita, and forms part of a well-known network of hiking trails connecting it to other nearby spots such as Cocó de Victorio, Quatre Mollons, Bassa de la Galla, Font del Burgar, and the Mata-redona recreational area. Most routes start from la Ràpita or the forest tracks leading up into the range, and the walk is popular with local hikers familiar with the terrain. Given its narrow, steep entrance, entering the cave itself calls for caution and is not recommended without proper experience. Most visitors treat it as a stop along a longer walking route rather than a standalone destination. When should you visit? Spring and autumn are the best seasons for hiking in the Serra del Montsià, offering mild temperatures away from the summer heat typical of the nearby Costa Daurada coastline. In summer, an early morning start is advisable to avoid the midday sun on the exposed, rocky trails. Why visit this spot? Cova del Tendo appeals to anyone interested in archaeology and the early history of human presence in the la Ràpita area, which dates back to the Paleolithic era — a fact documented, even if the artwork itself no longer survives, by the painting found here. It also offers a chance to combine a small piece of prehistoric history with a scenic walk through the rocky landscape of the Montsià range, overlooking the Ebro Delta. Frequently asked questions Can you still see the rock painting inside the cave? No. The original 1964 painting was destroyed — the rock section bearing the image was chipped off and removed, and it has never been recovered. Only the cave formation itself remains. Is the cave easy to visit? The entrance to Cova del Tendo is a narrow, steep, nearly vertical shaft, so exploring the interior is not recommended without proper caving experience. It remains, however, a striking feature to see from outside along the hiking trail. How do you reach Cova del Tendo from la Ràpita? The cave sits in the Montsià mountains close to la Ràpita and is part of popular hiking routes linking it to other nearby points such as Cocó de Victorio and the Mata-redona recreational area. Why is this cave historically significant? The painting discovered here was the first known example of Paleolithic art in the eastern Iberian Peninsula and, for years, was considered the oldest cave painting in Catalonia, dated to roughly 22,000 years ago.

Cova del Cingle dels Òbits

Matadepera

Cova del Cingle dels Òbits is a small cave in the municipality of Matadepera, tucked into a rock cliff (cingle) within the Sant Llorenç del Munt i l'Obac massif in Catalonia. It's also known as Cova dels Ossos — the Cave of Bones — a nickname that comes from a find made there over a century ago. Where is it located? The cave sits between the spots known as Òbits and Font Flàvia, cut into the rock face that runs along this stretch of the Sant Llorenç del Munt range. A path following the cliff line connects the cave to nearby Font Flàvia spring and other cavities in the area; the final stretch to the entrance runs about 190 meters. How do you get there? Most visitors start from Matadepera or from one of the trailheads across the Sant Llorenç del Munt i l'Obac massif, a popular hiking destination near Terrassa and Barcelona. The approach hugs a rock cliff, so sturdy hiking boots are a good idea — the ground is stony and narrows in places. Font Flàvia acts as a natural landmark to orient yourself along the way. What will you see there? The entrance is about two meters high and one meter wide — a discreet opening in the rock that's easy to miss without knowing the terrain. Inside, a single gallery runs 23 meters. Worth knowing before you go: reaching the interior requires a rope — this isn't a spot for casual exploring without the right gear and experience. From outside, though, you can still get a good look at the entrance and appreciate how the cave sits within the cliff face. History and archaeological finds The cave was first explored in September 1912 by a team from the Centre Excursionista de Terrassa, led by Frederic Segués. They found a collection of bones at the entrance, which is how the cave earned its alternate name, Cova dels Ossos. Later work turned up ceramic fragments too — remains of an amphora and everyday pottery — dated to the Iberian and Roman periods, roughly between the 2nd century BC and the 5th century AD. Those pieces are now held at the History Museum of Sabadell. The finds suggest the area around the Sant Llorenç del Munt massif was used by people in antiquity, with the cave possibly serving as shelter or storage. When should you visit? Sant Llorenç del Munt i l'Obac is mountain terrain, so spring and autumn are the best times to hike here — mild temperatures and trails that haven't been washed out by winter rain. In summer, head out early to avoid the heat on the exposed, rocky sections. Winter visits are possible, but check the forecast, since the cliff areas can get windy at altitude. Frequently asked questions Can you go inside the cave without equipment? No. Reaching the gallery inside requires a rope, so without proper preparation and experience it's best to view the entrance from outside only. Why is the cave also called Cova dels Ossos? The name comes from bones found at the entrance during the first exploration in 1912 by a team from the Centre Excursionista de Terrassa. What archaeological finds came from the cave? Ceramic fragments — remains of an amphora and everyday pottery — dated to the Iberian and Roman periods (2nd century BC to 5th century AD), now kept at the History Museum of Sabadell. How big is the cave? It has a single 23-meter gallery, with an entrance about two meters high and one meter wide.

Cueva de la Mora

Basardilla

Cueva de la Mora is a small rock cave near Basardilla, in the province of Segovia, set within the canyon landscape carved by the Pirón and Viejo rivers. Its entrance is concealed behind a large, upright limestone slab, so the cave is easy to miss unless you're specifically looking for it along the trail. Where exactly is the cave? Cueva de la Mora sits on a rocky outcrop just above a spring, in the Río Viejo valley. This is limestone country, cut by the Pirón and Viejo rivers along the border of the Torreiglesias and Losana de Pirón municipalities, a few kilometers from Basardilla in the rural heart of the Segovia Sur area. The surrounding countryside is known for its compact, scenic canyons with notable landscape and historical value. What will you see inside? The cave itself isn't large, but it has one striking feature: a natural "window" opened in the rock face, facing south. Daylight streams through this opening, and from inside you get a clear view over the Río Viejo canyon. Deeper in the cave there's also a small tomb carved into the rock — according to local legend, a Moorish child was buried here, which gave the cave its alternate name, "Cuna del Niño Moro" (Cradle of the Moorish Child). A few hundred meters from the entrance, almost at plateau level, lies La Torca, a sinkhole formed when the roof of a large underground chamber collapsed. How do you get there? The most straightforward way to reach Cueva de la Mora is on the "Cañones del Río Pirón y Viejo" hiking route, which starts in Peñarrubias de Pirón. The trail runs roughly 11 km, following the beds of both rivers past medieval bridges and centuries-old trees before reaching the rocky spur where the cave sits. The full loop takes at least four hours and is rated easy, making it a viable day trip almost any time of year. Sturdy footwear helps, since part of the route crosses the stony valley floor and requires wading through the riverbed. When is the best time to visit? Thanks to its easy profile, the trail can be walked in any season, though spring and autumn are the safest bets — river levels stay moderate and temperatures are comfortable for a multi-hour walk. In summer, an early start helps you avoid the heat on the more exposed stretches of the canyon; in winter, expect higher water levels after rainfall. What else is worth seeing nearby? Many hikers combine Cueva de la Mora with a visit to the nearby Cueva de la Vaquera, a popular variant for those who want to see more than one cave in a single outing. The Segovia Sur area, which includes Basardilla, has several similarly uncrowded landscape spots along the Pirón valley — a good option for travelers looking for quiet nature away from Segovia's more famous, busier sights. Frequently asked questions Do you need a guide to visit the cave? No — the trail is marked and rated easy, so you can visit on your own as long as you stick to the signposted route. Is the inside of the cave dark? Not entirely — the natural rock window lets daylight into the main chamber, though the side recesses are dim enough to warrant a torch. How long does the whole hike take? The full "Cañones del Río Pirón y Viejo" loop takes at least four hours round trip, including the walk to the cave and back to Peñarrubias de Pirón. Are there other attractions nearby? Yes — La Torca sinkhole lies just a few hundred meters from the cave, and further along the trail you'll find Cueva de la Vaquera, the region's other well-known cave.

Fuente Santa

Fuencaliente de La Palma

Fuente Santa is a hot spring on the southern coast of Fuencaliente de La Palma, on the Canary Island of La Palma, famed for centuries for its healing waters and for the dramatic story of its disappearance beneath a lava flow. Why is Fuente Santa so famous? The indigenous Benahoarita people who lived on La Palma before the Spanish conquest already knew the spring, calling it Tagragito, meaning "hot water." After the island's conquest in 1493, Spanish settlers rediscovered it, and word of its curative power spread quickly. Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, the sick travelled from across Europe and the Americas to bathe in its waters, seeking relief from skin conditions, rheumatism, arthritis and other chronic ailments. The water was considered so valuable that it was shipped in barrels to Cuba and sold further afield across the American continent, making Fuente Santa one of the most respected healing sites of its time. What happened to the spring? In 1677, an eruption of the San Antonio volcano buried Fuente Santa under dozens of metres of lava, destroying the historic San Lorenzo and San Blas pools. The spring vanished from view for more than three centuries. Locals never forgot the legendary waters, and several search attempts were made over the years, but it was not until 1995 that the mayor of Fuencaliente launched a serious project to locate it again. The breakthrough came in 2005, when engineers from the Canary Islands' General Directorate of Water drilled a tunnel nearly 200 metres long through the cliff and reached the exact spot where the historic pools once stood. What makes the water special? Analysis carried out by the Oliver Rodés Laboratory in Barcelona found that Fuente Santa's water is sodium chloride with a carbogaseous composition — a rare and highly prized type of thermal water in balneology. Its temperature can reach up to 60°C, making it one of the hottest natural water sources in the Canary Islands. How do you get to Fuente Santa? Fuente Santa sits at the southern tip of the municipality of Fuencaliente de La Palma, at the foot of a steep volcanic cliff roughly 150 metres high, near Echentive beach. Driving from Santa Cruz de La Palma or the island's airport takes about 40 minutes. A coastal hiking trail leads to the site itself; the terrain is raw and volcanic, so comfortable footwear and enough time to walk the route are worth planning for. What will you see there? Fuencaliente is currently developing Fuente Santa into a thermal spa complex, designed by architect Federico Soriano, winner of an international ideas competition for the project. The concept uses the site's natural rock terraces to create thermal routes with pools and caves that echo the character of the original baths, while keeping the impact on the volcanic surroundings to a minimum. Until the project is completed, visitors can view the site as a coastal landmark, notable above all for its history and geology. When is the best time to visit? The south of La Palma, where Fuencaliente lies, enjoys mild weather year-round, so the area can be visited in any season. Spring and autumn offer the most comfortable conditions for walking the coastal trail, while in summer it's worth avoiding the hottest hours of the day, since the volcanic terrain offers little natural shade. Frequently asked questions Can you bathe in Fuente Santa? The site is currently at the development stage of becoming a thermal spa complex, so whether you can access the water for bathing depends on the state of construction at any given time. Why was the water lost for so long? Lava from the 1677 eruption of the San Antonio volcano buried the spring under dozens of metres of rock, and pinpointing its exact location required drilling a tunnel through the cliff — something only achieved in 2005. Does Fuente Santa have historical significance? Yes — from pre-Hispanic times through the colonial era, it was regarded as one of the most important healing springs in the Canary Islands, with its water even exported to the Americas. What else is worth seeing nearby? Fuencaliente de La Palma is also known for the Teneguía volcano, the Faro de Fuencaliente lighthouse, and the Salinas de Fuencaliente salt flats, all of which make good stops on the same trip to the south of the island.

Nature in Spain

Sima de Aradelas

Cova de Ceza

A Cova de Eirós

Buraca das Choias

Cueva de los Verdes

Cueva Sabuquera ice house

Cova de Jeroni

Cova de l'Or

Bauma del Sequer

Cova de la Cinta

Cova de les Aranyes del Carabassí

Abrigo de Arpán

Cueva del Toro

Cova d'en Rossell

Port Cave

Erralla

Cueva de Andrebod

Sima de la Raja

Cueva del Hundidero

Abric de Seguili

Cova del Tendo

Cova del Cingle dels Òbits

Cueva de la Mora

Fuente Santa

Earn badges for the places you visit