Nature — Spain — NextOnTrip

Cova de l'Ermità Guillem

Valldemossa

Cova de l'Ermità Guillem is a hermit's cave tucked high into the Serra de Tramuntana above Valldemossa, one of Mallorca's most picturesque mountain towns. The cave is also known as Font de Sa Cova or Ermita de Son Moragues — the latter name appears in "Die Balearen," the 1880 work by Archduke Ludwig Salvator of Austria. Who was the hermit behind the name? The cave takes its name from Guillem de Sant Pau, an ascetic who withdrew from the world and lived here until his death in 1635. His contemporaries regarded him as a holy man, so his skull was preserved as a relic — it is still kept today at the nearby Ermita de la Santísima Trinidad in Valldemossa. A second, lesser-known hermit also lived in the cave: Antonio de Sant Pau Ferrer, from Alaró, who died in 1693 and wrote "Mallorca Eremítica," a chronicle of the island's hermit tradition. What will you find inside the cave? Cova de l'Ermità Guillem is still occasionally inhabited today by people seeking a break from the noise of the world, following in the footsteps of the old hermits. Inside is a sleeping area, a point for collecting water, and a mix of religious symbols — Christian icons sit alongside a figure of Buddha, with a Bible and other books of reflection nearby. Visitors treat the site with respect, and it functions less as a historical curiosity than as a living trace of Mallorca's eremitic tradition. How do you get to the cave? Reaching Cova de l'Ermità Guillem takes a proper hike through the Serra de Tramuntana. A popular loop route via Es Caragolí, Puig des Pou, the Camí de l'Arxiduc and Ses Basses covers roughly 9 kilometers, gains around 560 meters in elevation, and takes 3.5 to 4 hours to complete. The route crosses private land, so access requires a permit requested at least 48 hours in advance. When is the best time to hike there? Given the demanding mountain terrain and the lack of shade along most of the route, spring and autumn are the best seasons, when temperatures in the Tramuntana are milder. In summer, set out early in the morning and carry plenty of water, since there are no supply points along the trail. Frequently asked questions Can I visit the cave without a permit? No — the land is private, and access requires a permit requested at least 48 hours in advance. How long does the hike to the cave take? The full loop via Es Caragolí and the Camí de l'Arxiduc usually takes 3.5 to 4 hours. Does anyone live in the cave permanently? Not permanently, but it is occasionally inhabited by people seeking solitude, in the spirit of the old hermits. Where is the hermit Guillem's skull kept today? The relic is kept at the Ermita de la Santísima Trinidad in Valldemossa, not far from the cave.

Cueva del Gigante

Kartagena

Cueva del Gigante is a coastal cave in the municipality of Cartagena, tucked into the rocky shoreline of the La Muela-Cabo Tiñoso-Roldán Regional Park. It's one of the more distinctive spots along the Costa Cálida for travelers looking for something beyond the standard beach day — a mix of coastal scrambling, hiking and a touch of caving. How do you get there? There's no easy road to the cave, and that's part of the appeal. The two main starting points are Playa del Portús and Cala de la Estrella. From either one, you walk along the shoreline, clambering over rocks and skirting around cliff outcrops. The approach is short but calls for sturdy footwear and careful footing on wet stone. The practical detail worth knowing before you go: access depends on the tide. At high tide part of the route can become impassable on foot, so it's worth checking tide tables in advance or asking locally. The alternative is arriving by kayak — popular kayaking routes run along the cliffs and reefs of this stretch of coast and end right at the cave entrance. What will you see? Inside, the cave stretches around 520 meters of passages with a 62-meter vertical range, making it one of the more developed coastal caves in the Murcia region. It holds three galleries, one of which leads to a chamber with an underground lake — this is the part that draws most of the attention. The water in the lake is crystal clear, and warm enough for a swim during the hotter months. Many visitors combine the visit with a dip — walking or paddling in, then cooling off in the natural pool hidden beneath the rock. It's an unusual combination: a cave you can explore without specialist gear, paired with a spot to relax by the water. When should you visit? Late spring through summer (May to September) is the best window, when the water is warm enough that swimming in the cave's lake becomes a real draw rather than just a curiosity. Summer weekends do get busier, though, so an early morning visit avoids the crowds. In winter, access gets trickier because of stronger swell and wind along this exposed stretch of coast — in those conditions it's better to skip the shoreline approach and stick to the kayak option on calmer days. Frequently asked questions Is there an entrance fee? No, access is free — it's a natural site with no visitor infrastructure, ticket booths or set opening hours. Do you need caving equipment? Not for the main galleries and the lake — sturdy trekking shoes with good grip and swimwear are enough. The deeper sections of the cave require caving experience and gear, which is why most visitors stop at the lake chamber. Is it suitable for a visit with kids? The shoreline route can be tricky due to slippery rocks and tide dependency, so families with young children are better off taking the kayak option with an experienced guide. How long does a visit take? Getting there and exploring the main galleries usually takes 2-3 hours, depending on the route you choose and how long you spend swimming in the lake.

Cova de Toralla

Conca de Dalt

Cova de Toralla is a karst cave in the municipality of Conca de Dalt, in the Pallars Jussà comarca of Catalonia. It sits within the historic district of Toralla i Serradell, right above the village of Toralla, on a northeast-facing cliff on the northern slope of Serra de Sant Salvador — between the peak of l'Arreposador to the southwest and Caixot to the northeast. The site combines natural interest with a genuine archaeological backstory, making it a rewarding, still off-the-radar stop for anyone exploring the Pyrenees on foot. How do you get there? The starting point is the village of Toralla itself. From its upper part, a well-marked trail heads toward Turó de la Mola Mora, and the walk to the cave takes roughly 45 minutes. The path climbs a steep slope, so sturdy trekking shoes are a must, and a headlamp or torch is essential once you step inside — the cave interior is pitch dark and the ground is uneven. What will you find inside? Cova de Toralla stands out for an unusual layout: it has four separate openings to the outside. The two outermost entrances sit on the same cliff face, while the two central ones are easier to access and are typically used to enter. Behind the openings run two parallel galleries, stacked one above the other, which connect at several points to form a compact but genuinely interesting network of passages. The recognized system totals 276 metres in length, with a 10-metre difference in elevation — a modest but detail-rich formation that rewards a short, focused visit. What is the history behind the cave? The cave has been known for a long time. As early as the beginning of the 20th century it was visited by biospeleologists studying its fauna and microclimate. The real turning point in its history came in the late 1940s, when archaeologist Joan Maluquer de Motes carried out excavations here. That work sits within the broader story of cave research across the Catalan Pyrenees, a region where scientists have spent decades searching for traces of early settlement and use of these natural shelters. Who is this trip for? Cova de Toralla suits travellers looking for authentic, uncrowded spots within Pallars Jussà — a region defined by mountains, valleys, and traditional stone villages. The outing pairs a short but demanding walk with a genuine underground discovery, appealing equally to cave enthusiasts and to hikers seeking an unusual addition to a Conca de Dalt itinerary. Frequently asked questions How long does it take to reach the cave? From the upper part of Toralla village, it's about a 45-minute walk along a well-marked path toward Turó de la Mola Mora. Is the cave difficult to explore? Entering through the central openings is relatively easy, but the interior — two connected parallel galleries totalling 276 metres — requires a torch and careful footing due to the uneven ground. Has the cave been studied scientifically? Yes — biospeleologists visited it as early as the beginning of the 20th century, and in the late 1940s archaeologist Joan Maluquer de Motes conducted excavations there. Where exactly is Cova de Toralla located? On a cliff on the northern slope of Serra de Sant Salvador, west of Toralla village, in the municipality of Conca de Dalt (Pallars Jussà, Catalonia).

Abrigo del Cubular

Valderredible

Abrigo del Cubular is a rock shelter with prehistoric paintings and engravings, set into a sandstone cliff near Ruanales, in the municipality of Valderredible (Cantabria, northern Spain). It ranks among the region's most significant rock art sites and is formally protected as a Bien de Interés Cultural (BIC) under the archaeological-zone category. What is this place? The shelter stretches about 30 metres in length, reaches up to 6 metres in depth, and rises just over 5 metres to the overhanging rock face. Its walls preserve paintings in red and black pigment showing schematic anthropomorphic figures — simplified human silhouettes — alongside intricate geometric motifs of lines, circles and patterns whose precise meaning is still debated by archaeologists. One of the rock blocks additionally carries a series of engravings. This visual language belongs to the schematic rock art tradition found across large parts of the Iberian Peninsula during prehistoric times. Valderredible is a large, sparsely populated municipality in southern Cantabria, known for its limestone and sandstone canyon landscapes and for concentrating an unusually high number of prehistoric and early medieval sites, from caves to rock-cut necropolises. Cubular stands out as one of the key stops for anyone exploring the region's deep past. How do you get there? Ruanales sits in the Ebro river valley, at the heart of Valderredible, reached via local roads connecting the municipality's small villages. Travelling by car is the most practical option — the nearest larger towns are Reinosa and Aguilar de Campoo, both linked by regional roads leading into the valley. The shelter itself lies in a natural setting outside the built-up village, so plan for a short walk from the nearest parking spot. Given how fragile the paintings are, access to the interior may be restricted or require extra care — avoid touching the walls or shining direct artificial light on the pigments. What else is worth seeing nearby? Close to Ruanales stands the so-called Ídolo de Ruanales, another archaeological site linked to the area's prehistoric settlement, making the surroundings well suited to a longer trip themed around Valderredible's earliest history. The region also offers plenty of hiking routes through rock formations with views over the Ebro valley, so a visit to Cubular pairs easily with a full day of exploring the area. When should you visit? Spring and autumn are the best times to come, when Cantabria's temperatures are mild and the Ebro valley landscape looks its most striking. Summers can turn hot around midday, making the walk to the shelter less comfortable. Winters in this part of Cantabria are unpredictable, with rain and cooler temperatures, so it's worth checking the forecast before setting out. Frequently asked questions Can you visit Abrigo del Cubular on your own? The site sits in open countryside, but given its heritage-protection status it's worth checking local information beforehand for access details or any visiting restrictions. What do the paintings in the shelter depict? Schematic human figures and geometric motifs painted in red and black, typical of the region's prehistoric rock art tradition. Is it worth combining with other Valderredible attractions? Yes — the Ídolo de Ruanales is nearby, and the whole municipality is known for its numerous archaeological sites and scenic Ebro river canyons. Is there visitor infrastructure such as parking or signage? The site is natural and archaeological in character, so don't expect extensive infrastructure — it's a good idea to get a map or information from a local tourist office before heading out.

Cova de Cuberes

Conca de Dalt

Cova de Cuberes is the longest cave in Catalonia, tucked into the mountainside of the Conca de Dalt municipality in the Pallars Jussà region. Its passages stretch more than 13.5 kilometers, making it not only Catalonia's record-holder but also one of the longest caves in the world carved into conglomerate rock — a distinction that puts it in second place globally for that rock type. The elevation difference between the cave's lowest and highest points reaches 328 meters, the second-largest vertical range of any cave in Catalonia. The cave sits at the head of the Serradell river valley, on the eastern slope of Serrat de Ladres, near the Carant de l'Os ravine, west of the village of Serradell. This area once belonged to the separate municipality of Toralla i Serradell, later absorbed into Conca de Dalt. How do you get there? The starting point is the village of Serradell, deep in Pallars Jussà, a short drive from Tremp, the region's main town. From there, a mountain trail leads on foot toward the Serradell river valley, up to the cave entrance set among rugged conglomerate terrain. This is not a show cave with visitor infrastructure — reaching it requires good navigation skills and physical preparation. What will you see? Cova de Cuberes is a destination for experienced cavers, not a tourist-ready attraction. Inside, explorers find over 13 kilometers of passages, chambers, and vertical sections sculpted from conglomerate — a rock type rarely associated with cave systems of this scale. A defining feature along the route is "la Perxa," a narrow squeeze near the entrance that for years blocked further exploration. Beyond it lie the upper galleries, only reached in the 1970s. The sheer scale of the system — its length, vertical range, and the complexity of its conglomerate structure — makes it a genuinely unique site on a global level. When should you visit? Spring and autumn are the best times for a trip to the Serradell area and its valley, when Pyrenean temperatures are mild and nearby watercourses run at stable levels. Summer keeps the approach trails fully accessible, but it's worth avoiding periods right after heavy rain, when the stream near the cave entrance can make access difficult. Exploring the cave itself requires caving equipment and, ideally, experience or participation in a trip organized by a local speleology club. A discovery decades in the making The cave was discovered in 1951, when blasting work uncovered an opening in the middle of a stream bed. Mr. Cuberes, then mayor of Toralla i Serradell and the man the cave is named after, reported the find to the Grupo Espeleológico de Badalona. Over the following years, members of that group explored the cave up to a passage known as "la Perxa," near the entrance. It wasn't until 1972 that cavers from the Gelera group managed to get past this obstacle, discovering further meters of upper galleries and substantially extending the known length of the system. Frequently asked questions Can Cova de Cuberes be visited without caving experience? No. It's a technical cave for speleologists, requiring equipment and skill in navigating difficult underground terrain — it has no show-cave infrastructure for casual visitors. What makes this cave so exceptional? At over 13.5 km of passages, it's the longest cave in Catalonia and one of the longest in the world carved into conglomerate rock, an unusual rock type for such extensive cave systems. Where does the cave's name come from? It's named after Mr. Cuberes, the mayor of Toralla i Serradell at the time, who reported the cave to speleologists after the entrance was found in 1951. How much vertical range does the cave have? The system has a vertical range of 328 meters, the second-greatest in Catalonia after only one other cave.

Coves del Drach

Manacor

Coves del Drac in Manacor is one of the best-known karst cave systems on Majorca, located right by the coastal town of Porto Cristo on the island's eastern side. How do you get to Coves del Drac? The caves sit on the edge of Porto Cristo, roughly 60 km from Palma de Mallorca. Driving there takes about an hour along the main road through Manacor, and a large car park sits just a short, easy walk from the entrance. During the summer season, tourist coaches also run to Porto Cristo from the resorts along the eastern coast, which makes the caves an easy half-day trip for visitors without their own transport. What will you see inside? The system is made up of four interconnected caves, known locally as the Black Cave, the White Cave, the Cave of Lluís Salvador, and the Cave of the Frenchmen. The visitor route winds through the hillside to a depth of about 25 metres, passing corridors and chambers lined with stalactites and stalagmites shaped over thousands of years. Paths are lit and well secured, so the walk is comfortable even for visitors with no caving experience. The caves were first documented in a letter dated 1338, making them one of the longest-known sites of this kind on the island. Lake Martel — the main attraction The visit culminates at one of the largest underground lakes in the world. Musicians glide across the water in a small boat, performing a short live classical concert that echoes through the cave's natural rock acoustics. After the performance, visitors themselves can cross part of the lake by boat — one of the most memorable moments of any trip to Majorca. It's this combination of music echoing through the darkness and light reflecting off the water that has made Coves del Drac internationally famous. When is the best time to visit? The caves are open year-round, and the temperature inside stays cool and constant regardless of the season, making them a pleasant escape on hot summer days. Visitor numbers peak between June and September, so arriving early in the morning or visiting outside the peak holiday months helps you avoid queues and enjoy a calmer experience. Bring a light layer — even in the Mediterranean heat outside, the interior of the caves is noticeably cooler. Practical tips The full visit takes about an hour and involves a moderately long but undemanding walk. It's worth setting aside extra time to explore Porto Cristo itself — a picturesque bay with a beach and promenade just a few minutes' walk from the cave entrance. Other underground sites can be found nearby in the Manacor area, but Coves del Drac remains the most recognisable and most visited of Majorca's caves. Frequently asked questions How long does a visit to Coves del Drac take? The standard route, including the concert on Lake Martel, takes about an hour, covering all four caves plus the short musical performance. Is it cold inside the caves? The interior stays consistently cooler than the outside temperature all year round — a light jacket or sweater is a good idea, especially in summer after stepping in from the heat. Can you take a boat ride on the lake? Yes, after the musical performance visitors can cross part of Lake Martel by small boat, which caps off the visit. Is it worth combining the visit with Porto Cristo? Definitely — the town is literally a few minutes from the cave entrance and offers a beach, promenade, and restaurants serving local cuisine, making it easy to plan a full day out.

Grotto of Casteret

Sobrarbe

Grotto of Casteret is an ice cave tucked high in the Aragonese Pyrenees, in the Sobrarbe area, within Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park. It's a destination for travelers after something beyond a scenic trail — a chamber inside the mountain where ice survives all year round. What is this place? The cave is carved into limestone rock and is best known for the permanent ice that fills much of its interior. It was discovered in 1926 by the French speleologist Norbert Casteret, whose name the cave now carries. Since then it has become one of the reference points for cave exploration in the Pyrenees. What will you see inside? The centerpiece is the Grande Salle, a large chamber holding a frozen lake covering roughly 2,000 square metres. Ice doesn't just cover the floor — it also builds up into distinctive formations across the walls and ceiling, giving the chamber the look of a natural ice sculpture gallery. From there, a roughly 20-metre wall of ice descends into a second, smaller chamber. That combination of rock, ice, and depth is what makes the cave memorable even for seasoned mountain travelers. How do you get there? The cave sits at considerable altitude within the Ordesa massif, near the village of Fanlo, in the heart of the Sobrarbe comarca. Reaching it means hiking a mountain trail — there's no direct road or parking lot access. Because of the altitude and the protected national park terrain, it's worth planning the trip with plenty of time and checking trail conditions beforehand. When should you visit? Summer months offer the best window, when the higher Pyrenean trails are clear of snow and passable. That's also when the contrast between the warm air outside and the permanent ice inside the cave is most striking. Spring and autumn conditions on the approach can be trickier, and winter access is generally out of reach without proper mountaineering preparation. Who is this for? This is a pick for hikers and anyone drawn to unusual geological features, rather than families with young children or casual walkers looking for an easy stroll. The mere existence of year-round ice inside a cave in the Pyrenees, far from typical glaciated zones, makes it a genuinely unique spot on the map of the Sobrarbe region. Frequently asked questions What is the Grotto of Casteret? It's a limestone ice cave within Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park, known for its permanently frozen lake and ice formations. Who discovered the cave, and when? It was discovered in 1926 by French speleologist Norbert Casteret, who gave the cave its name. What's inside the main chamber? The Grande Salle holds a frozen lake of about 2,000 square metres, surrounded by ice formations, with a 20-metre ice wall leading down to a second chamber. Is the cave easy to reach? No — it sits high in the mountains near Fanlo, in the Sobrarbe comarca, and requires a mountain trail hike within the national park.

Cueva de Don Justo

El Pinar de El Hierro

Cueva de Don Justo is one of roughly 70 caves and volcanic galleries found on the island of El Hierro, located in the municipality of El Pinar de El Hierro, within the El Lajial lava field near the Faro de Orchilla lighthouse on the island's southern tip. It is the longest of the 28 known lava tubes on El Hierro, ranking as the third longest in the Canary Islands and the thirteenth longest in the world. What kind of place is this? The tunnel formed during a volcanic eruption, when the outer crust of a flowing lava stream cooled and hardened while molten rock kept moving underneath, eventually draining away and leaving a long, hollow passage behind. Inside, Cueva de Don Justo shelters a remarkable community of troglobitic species — animals fully adapted to permanent darkness — seven of which exist nowhere else on Earth. This rare biodiversity is the reason the cave holds scientific and conservation significance rather than being managed as a typical visitor attraction. Can you actually go inside? No. Cueva de Don Justo sits on private land and is not open to the public. It remains a wild, undeveloped cave with no lighting, walkways, or infrastructure of any kind. Access is restricted specifically to protect the endemic species living inside, which are threatened by tourism traffic, littering, vandalism, and invasive species such as cockroaches accidentally introduced by visitors. Anyone planning a trip to El Hierro should think of this site as a geological and ecological landmark to know about, not one to enter. How do you reach the area? The cave lies near La Restinga, El Hierro's southernmost village, known for its diving scene and relaxed fishing-village atmosphere. The surrounding El Lajial lava field and the Faro de Orchilla lighthouse — historically marked as the westernmost point of the Old World on the prime meridian used before Greenwich — are popular stops for hikers and drivers exploring the south of the island. The landscape here is raw and volcanic, covered in the sparse vegetation typical of El Hierro's dry southern coast. What else is worth seeing nearby? While the cave itself is off-limits, the surrounding region offers plenty above ground: the rugged black lava field, Atlantic Ocean views from Faro de Orchilla, and hiking trails winding through El Hierro's volcanic terrain. La Restinga makes a good base for exploring, particularly for its clear waters and diving spots inside the nearby Mar de Las Calmas marine reserve. When is the best time to visit? El Hierro enjoys mild weather year-round, but conditions for exploring the area and hiking are best from spring through early autumn, when temperatures are comfortable and daylight hours are longer. In summer, it's worth avoiding the midday heat, since the open lava terrain offers little natural shade. Frequently asked questions Can I enter Cueva de Don Justo? No. The cave is on private property and closed to visitors to protect the endemic troglobitic species living inside. Why is the cave protected? It shelters seven animal species found nowhere else in the world, and tourism, littering, and invasive species pose a real threat to them. How long is the tunnel? It's the longest known lava tube on El Hierro and the third longest in the Canary Islands. What can I see nearby if the cave itself is closed? The El Lajial lava field, the Faro de Orchilla lighthouse, and the coastal village of La Restinga, a base for diving in the Mar de Las Calmas marine reserve.

Cova d'en Marc

Mas de Barberans

Cova d'en Marc is a large cave in the municipality of Mas de Barberans, tucked into the southern section of the Els Ports Natural Park in Catalonia. Its entrance sits at the foot of steep, vertical rock walls, making it one of the standout landmarks in this part of the massif. How do you get to Cova d'en Marc? The cave lies within Els Ports Natural Park, in an area known as Racó de la Cova d'en Marc, close to the Forat de la Vella rock formation. The most popular access route is a loop trail starting from Castell de l'Airosa — roughly 7.9 km long and taking just under three hours to complete. The path is well marked and rated as moderately difficult, so it's manageable for hikers without advanced experience. By car, the approach runs through Mas de Barberans, continuing on local roads into the park. What will you see there? The surrounding landscape has an almost lunar quality — wind and rain have shaped the local rock into rounded, cylindrical forms over thousands of years. Cova d'en Marc itself is a spacious rock cavity carved beneath sheer vertical walls, impressive both in scale and in the rawness of its setting. Nearby, it's worth stopping at Forat de la Vella, a naturally carved opening in the rock face, as well as other landmarks of the massif such as Roca Xapada and Racó dels Capellans. This is territory where Iberian wild goats (Capra pyrenaica) roam freely, and with some patience and luck they can be spotted on the rock ledges. When is the best time to visit? Given the rocky, exposed terrain and the lack of shade along most of the route, spring and autumn are the best seasons, when temperatures are milder. In summer, it's worth setting out early in the morning to avoid the midday heat. In winter, conditions can be more demanding due to wind and cold typical of the higher parts of Els Ports, though on a clear day the visibility and landscape contrast are exceptional. Who is this trip suited for? The route to Cova d'en Marc suits travelers looking for close contact with wild nature and an unusual geological landscape, without needing to tackle technical climbing. It's a good fit for hikers, landscape photographers, and wildlife watchers. Because of the rocky ground, sturdy trekking shoes and a supply of water are recommended, as there are no water points along the way. Frequently asked questions Is Cova d'en Marc difficult to reach? No — the approach is rated as a moderately difficult route, well marked and accessible to averagely fit hikers. How long does the visit take? The popular loop combining Cova d'en Marc, Forat de la Vella, and the Castell de l'Airosa starting point takes about 2 hours 54 minutes over roughly 7.9 km. What else can you see nearby? Nearby landmarks include Forat de la Vella, Roca Xapada, and Racó dels Capellans — all notable features of this part of Els Ports Natural Park. Can you spot wildlife in the area? Yes, the area is natural habitat for Iberian wild goats (Capra pyrenaica), which live here freely and are sometimes seen on the rocky slopes.

Cova dels Vilars

Os de Balaguer

Cova dels Vilars is a small rock shelter with prehistoric paintings in the municipality of Os de Balaguer, in the Noguera county of Catalonia. Also known as Cova dels Vilasos, it sits in the Vilars ravine on the eastern slope of the Os mountain range and ranks among the more significant rock art sites in this part of Spain. What kind of site is this? It's a shallow shelter carved into Eocene limestone, rock roughly 55 million years old. The cavity itself is modest — about 11.6 metres wide, 8 metres deep and 3.5 metres high — and its mouth faces east and southeast, so natural light reaches the interior for much of the day. What will you see inside? The walls preserve around twenty-nine painted figures and symbols, which researchers link most likely to the Bronze Age, roughly between 1800 and 650 BCE. Most of the imagery clusters on the left-hand wall of the shelter, where the paintings are best preserved and easiest to make out. To the right of the entrance sit further motifs, though weathering makes them harder to read clearly. The paintings belong to the schematic art tradition typical of the Mediterranean arc of the Iberian Peninsula. The site's discovery was officially reported in 1973, though local residents of Os de Balaguer — including Josep M. Borràs i Viu — had known of it earlier. In 1998, Cova dels Vilars was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List together with other regional rock art sites, as part of the Rock Art of the Mediterranean Basin on the Iberian Peninsula inscription. How do you get there? The shelter lies in hilly terrain on the edge of Os de Balaguer, not far from Balaguer and the Lleida provincial capital. Local roads lead to the village, from where a marked footpath climbs into the Vilars ravine toward the cave. The walk is on rough, hilly ground, so sturdy footwear and water are worth bringing, especially in summer. When should you visit? Spring and autumn suit the trip best, since temperatures in the Noguera region are milder then than during the region's typical inland summer heat. Morning hours also give the best natural light inside the cave, making the painted details easier to spot. What should you know before visiting? As a UNESCO-listed site, the cave is protected — touching the paintings or the surrounding rock surface is prohibited. It's also worth remembering this is an archaeological site rather than a built tourist attraction: there's no electric lighting or viewing platform, and reaching it requires a short but genuinely uphill approach. Frequently asked questions Is Cova dels Vilars officially protected? Yes, since 1998 it has formed part of the UNESCO inscription covering rock art of the Mediterranean arc on the Iberian Peninsula. How many paintings are inside the cave? Around twenty-nine figures and symbols have been identified on the walls, mostly on the left-hand side of the shelter. What period do the paintings date from? Researchers date them most likely to the Bronze Age, roughly between 1800 and 650 BCE. Do you need to hike to reach the cave? Yes, access is on foot along a local trail through the Vilars ravine on the eastern slope of the Os mountains, so comfortable walking shoes are recommended.

Benirrama abric I

la Vall de Gallinera

Abric de Benirrama I is a rock shelter with prehistoric paintings tucked into the Vall de Gallinera, in the province of Alicante. The site sits at the foot of the Serra de l'Almirant, right above the Gallinera River, with its opening facing southeast. What will you see? The shelter's rock wall preserves paintings in two distinct styles: schematic art and Levantine art. This combination makes Benirrama especially valuable to prehistory researchers, since the two painting traditions rarely appear together at a single, small site. The figures depict human and animal forms in the simplified style typical of the rock art of the Mediterranean Basin on the Iberian Peninsula. It's worth knowing that the site hasn't survived untouched. In May 1993 it suffered an act of vandalism — two large rock slabs were cut from the wall, and five paintings were lost as a result, four of them removed with a grinder. This episode is a stark reminder of how fragile prehistoric rock art can be, and why visitors should treat the site with particular care and respect. How to get there? Abric de Benirrama lies along a hiking route through the Vall de Gallinera known as the Ruta d'Art Rupestre, a trail that links several rock-art sites scattered across the valley. Visits are self-guided, with no need to book a tour guide, which makes the shelter easy to reach for travelers exploring the area on foot. Its coordinates are 38.83597, -0.20042 — the most convenient approach is on foot from the nearby village of Benirrama, one of the small hamlets dotted throughout the valley. The trail runs through classic Mediterranean scenery — terraced hillsides, olive and almond groves, and rocky mountain slopes — making it easy to pair a visit to this archaeological site with a walk through one of the most scenic valleys in the Marina Alta region. When to visit? Spring and autumn are the best times to come, when temperatures in the valley are mild and the hiking trails aren't exposed to the summer heat typical of inland Alicante province. The paintings are easiest to see in good natural light, so morning or early afternoon hours are ideal for photographing and studying the details closely. Discovery history The paintings at Benirrama were discovered in 1977 by members of the Centre d'Estudis Contestans, a local association dedicated to researching the archaeological heritage of the Contestania region. Their fieldwork and publications helped document and protect the site. The rock art of the Mediterranean Basin on the Iberian Peninsula, which includes Benirrama, was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1998, underlining the exceptional value of these paintings for understanding European prehistory. Frequently asked questions Is visiting Abric de Benirrama free? Yes, the site can be visited independently and free of charge by following the hiking trail through the valley. Do you need a guide? No, the site is signposted and open for self-guided visits as part of the Ruta d'Art Rupestre trail. Why are some of the paintings damaged? In 1993 the site was vandalized — two rock slabs bearing five paintings were stolen, permanently diminishing the collection. Is Benirrama part of a larger UNESCO heritage listing? Yes, it belongs to the rock art of the Mediterranean Basin on the Iberian Peninsula, inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1998.

Avenc de Can Torres

Matadepera

Avenc de Can Torres is a small vertical cave (avenc, or sinkhole cave) in the municipality of Matadepera, at the foot of the Sant Llorenç del Munt massif in Catalonia. It's one of dozens of speleological features scattered across the surrounding hills — a spot for hiking and caving enthusiasts rather than a fully developed tourist attraction. What is an avenc, and what makes this one different? An avenc is a vertical karst cave, entered from above, unlike horizontal caves with entrances set into a hillside. Avenc de Can Torres stands out for having a double entrance opening — a feature less common among the caves in this area, making it a point of interest for anyone curious about karst geology and speleology. The cave sits at the far end of the fields in front of the former Can Torres farmhouse, which gave it its name. Reaching it means leaving the marked trail and climbing roughly 50 meters across bare, rocky terrain without vegetation. How do you get to Avenc de Can Torres? The starting point is Matadepera, a town at the base of the Sant Llorenç del Munt i Serra de l'Obac massif. From there, hiking trails lead toward the old Can Torres farmstead and the nearby Font de la Tartana spring. Several popular trekking routes cross through this area, connecting other karst features in the region such as Collet de Cabrafiga and the Gurugú hill. Note that the cave opening itself, given its vertical drop and lack of safety installations, isn't suitable for casual exploration without proper caving equipment and experience. For most visitors, the appeal lies in reaching the site and observing the distinctive double entrance set into the rocky terrain. What's the history behind it? Avenc de Can Torres has a documented exploration history dating back to the early 1920s, when it was visited by members of the Centre Excursionista de Terrassa. From 1952 onward, it became one of the most frequently visited avencs in the area, particularly among caving enthusiasts. Members of the GES-CMB group produced the cave's first topographic survey, published in 1954 — a document still used as a reference for cataloguing caves in the region. What else can you see nearby? Matadepera and the surrounding Sant Llorenç del Munt massif are known for their abundance of karst formations — the municipality alone has 89 catalogued caves and fissures, including 30 avencs and 59 horizontal caves. That means a hike to Avenc de Can Torres can easily be combined with visits to other nearby features, such as the Font de la Tartana spring or surrounding hilltops with views over the Vallès Occidental valley. The landscape around the cave is typical Mediterranean scrubland with patches of exposed limestone rock, making the walk worthwhile for anyone interested in nature and geology as well. When's the best time to visit? Spring and autumn are the best seasons for hiking in this area, with mild temperatures and the Mediterranean vegetation at its greenest. In summer, the exposed, shadeless approach to the cave can be tiring given Catalonia's typically high temperatures. Frequently asked questions Can you go inside Avenc de Can Torres? As a vertical avenc, the cave requires caving equipment (ropes, harnesses) and experience with vertical caving techniques. It's not a site for unassisted exploration without proper preparation. How long is the walk from Matadepera? It depends on the chosen hiking route, but the final stretch from the main trail to the cave opening is about 50 meters of climbing over rocky ground. Are there other caves worth visiting nearby? Yes — Matadepera and the Sant Llorenç del Munt massif form one of the richest karst areas in the region, with 89 catalogued caves, including the nearby Avenc de Can Pèlags and Avenc de la Codoleda. What's meant by the "double opening"? It refers to two separate entrances leading into the same cave, located close together — a geological feature resulting from how the karst system formed.

El Mirón Cave

Ramales de la Victoria

El Mirón Cave is an archaeological site in Ramales de la Victoria, located in the upper Asón River valley at the eastern edge of Cantabria in northern Spain, close to the border with the Basque Country. It stands among the most significant Paleolithic sites in northern Spain, famous above all for the discovery of a skeleton known as the "Red Lady of El Mirón." What will you see at the cave? The centerpiece of the site is the burial of a woman who died roughly 18,700 years ago, during the Upper Paleolithic (Magdalenian period). Skeletal analysis places her age at death between 35 and 40 years. Her bones were coated with ochre, a red iron-based pigment, which is how she earned the name "Red Lady" after her discovery. This ritual burial practice, carried out almost 19,000 years ago, makes El Mirón one of the key sites for understanding funerary customs among Paleolithic hunter-gatherer communities in Europe. The cave itself sits within a landscape typical of Cantabria: limestone hills covered in forest, cut through by river valleys. The area around Ramales de la Victoria is known for several similar cave sites, making this region one of the most archaeologically rich corners of Spain. How to get to El Mirón Cave? Ramales de la Victoria lies in eastern Cantabria, near the border with the Basque Country, which makes it accessible from both Santander and Bilbao. Driving from Santander typically takes around an hour, and the drive from Bilbao takes a similar amount of time. The town is well connected by regional roads running through the Asón River valley, one of the most scenic stretches of eastern Cantabria. Travelers without a car can reach Ramales de la Victoria by bus, followed by a short final stretch to the cave itself. When to visit? Cantabria's mild Atlantic climate means the cave can be visited year-round. The most comfortable conditions fall in spring and early autumn, when temperatures are moderate and the surrounding trails through the Asón valley are at their most scenic. Summer brings more visitors to the region, many of whom are also heading for Cantabria's coast, so it is worth checking visit availability in advance during that period. Why is this site worth a visit? El Mirón Cave is more than a scientific site — it is evidence of how the ancient inhabitants of this region treated death and remembrance. The ritual use of ochre in a burial dating back almost 19,000 years reveals the complexity of symbolic thought among Paleolithic communities long before the rise of agriculture or the first cities. For anyone interested in archaeology, human prehistory, or the cultural landscape of Cantabria, this is a site of exceptional significance, combining scientific discovery with direct contact with an authentic Paleolithic site. Visitors also appreciate the setting itself: the Asón valley, framed by limestone ridges, rounds out the visit, allowing the archaeological site to be paired with a walk through the surrounding countryside. Frequently Asked Questions What is El Mirón Cave known for? The cave is best known for the discovery of the skeleton of a woman named the "Red Lady of El Mirón," dating back roughly 18,700 years to the Upper Paleolithic (Magdalenian period). Why is she called the "Red Lady"? The name comes from the ochre — a red iron-based pigment — that coated the bones of the skeleton found in the cave. Where exactly is the cave located? El Mirón Cave lies in the upper Asón River valley in eastern Cantabria, within the municipality of Ramales de la Victoria, near the border with the Basque Country. How old was the woman found in the cave when she died? Skeletal analysis indicates she died between the ages of 35 and 40.

Fou de Bor

Bellver de Cerdanya

Fou de Bor is one of the most important karst caves in Catalonia, tucked away next to the village of Bor, within the municipality of Bellver de Cerdanya. For visitors exploring the Cerdanya region, it's far more than a geological curiosity — it's a genuine adventure destination, offering guided access into a real underground passage system. What makes this cave special? Fou de Bor is the fourth-longest cave in all of Catalonia and the single most significant karst cavity in the Cerdanya region. Its network stretches over 3,265 meters of passages, forming a maze of galleries that's easy to get lost in without local knowledge. Several natural openings lead inside: the main entrance, known as Tuta Gran, plus three smaller ones — Tuta Freda, Tuta Petita, and Tuta de Dalt. This variety of entry points means the cave can be explored via different routes suited to different experience levels. Inside, visitors encounter classic karst features: narrow crawlways, siphons (sections completely flooded with water), and a small underground lake. The cave can turn hazardous during heavy rainfall, when parts of the passage system flood quickly — which is why entry should always happen with an experienced guide. A history buried underground Fou de Bor isn't just a geological formation — it carries a long record of human presence. Archaeological evidence shows the cave was used from the Neolithic period all the way through Roman times. Items recovered from inside are now held at the Archaeological Museum of Catalonia, underscoring the site's importance to the region's history. The cave also features prominently in local Catalan folklore. Tradition holds that Fou de Bor is home to the "encantades" — enchanted beings. One legend tells of their queen, who after giving birth wanted to reward a midwife from Bor with a wooden clog full of gold or one full of honey. The midwife chose gold, but when she washed her hands in the river afterward, her reward turned to honey — a tale meant to explain how riches can slip away. How do you get there? Fou de Bor sits next to the village of Bor, part of the municipality of Bellver de Cerdanya, in the heart of the Cerdanya valley. From Puigcerdà, the region's main town, it's roughly a 15-minute drive. That makes it a convenient stop for anyone touring the Catalan side of the Pyrenees near the French border. What will you see inside? A visit to Fou de Bor is a genuine caving expedition — narrow crawlways, short tight openings, siphons, and an underground lake create a varied subterranean landscape. Depending on the route chosen, the experience can range from a short introductory trip suitable for families with children, to a more demanding route for those looking for a real speleological challenge. When should you visit? The best time to explore is outside periods of heavy rainfall — intense rain raises water levels in the passages and can restrict or block access to parts of the cave. The summer and early autumn months also tend to offer easier driving conditions on Cerdanya's mountain roads. Frequently asked questions Can you visit Fou de Bor on your own? Independent exploration isn't recommended — the cave has an extensive, easy-to-get-lost-in gallery system and can become dangerous when water levels rise. Going with a local guide or a licensed caving tour is a much safer option. How long does a visit to the cave take? It depends on the route — from shorter introductory trips suited to families, to longer, more demanding routes for visitors with caving experience. Are there archaeological remains to see inside the cave itself? The archaeological finds from Fou de Bor were moved to the Archaeological Museum of Catalonia, so you won't see artifacts on site, but knowing the cave's centuries-long history adds real depth to the visit. How far is Fou de Bor from Puigcerdà? About a 15-minute drive, making it an easy day-trip destination while staying anywhere in the Cerdanya region.

Cova del Parpalló

Gandia

Parpalló is an archaeological cave near Gandia, one of the most important Upper Paleolithic sites in Europe. It lies within the Parpalló-Borrell nature area, in the hills inland from the city, far from the beach crowds of the Costa Blanca coastline. What makes this cave famous? Parpalló is renowned for an exceptional collection of portable prehistoric art: archaeologists uncovered more than 5,000 limestone plaques here, with over 6,200 decorated faces between them. It is the largest assemblage of its kind found anywhere around the Mediterranean, unmatched on the continent for sheer volume and variety. Nearly 800 animal figures and more than 4,000 abstract signs were engraved or painted onto these plaques. Bison and aurochs, horses, deer, and wild goats appear most often — species that once roamed these hills and sustained the hunters who lived here. How old are the finds? The oldest traces of human presence in the cave date back roughly 29,000 years. People kept returning to Parpalló over thousands of years, with gaps in occupation, until the Magdalenian period, around 10,000 years ago. This long and repeatedly resumed sequence of use makes the site unusually valuable for tracing how art and daily life changed across many generations of Paleolithic hunters. Where can you see the artifacts? The cave itself is now empty — the original plaques and other finds were moved to the Museum of Prehistory in Valencia (Museu de Prehistòria de València), less than an hour's drive from Gandia. That is where the engraved animal figures can actually be seen up close. The cave and the surrounding landscape remain worth a visit in their own right, though: the site is protected as a Bien de Interés Cultural and forms part of the Mediterranean Basin rock art recognized by UNESCO. How do you get to the cave? Parpalló sits inside the Parpalló-Borrell natural park, in hilly terrain on the edge of Gandia. A marked hiking trail leads up to it, popular with walkers interested in both nature and local history — the route passes through typical Mediterranean scrubland with views over the valley and surrounding hills. Sturdy shoes and water are worth bringing, and an early start pays off in warmer months, before the sun heats up the stony path. When is the best time to visit? Spring and autumn are the most comfortable seasons for the walk up to Parpalló, with milder temperatures than the full heat of summer. Summers in this part of Valencia can be intense, especially on the exposed stretches of the trail leading to the cave. Winter conditions are generally mild too and suit a visit well, though daylight hours are shorter. Frequently asked questions Can you go inside the Parpalló cave? The surrounding area is open to visitors along the hiking trail, but the original archaeological finds have been moved to a museum — the cave itself no longer holds any plaques or engravings. Where are the Parpalló artifacts displayed? The collection, including the famous engraved plaques, is held at the Museum of Prehistory in Valencia. Is Parpalló the region's most important Paleolithic site? It is one of the most significant Paleolithic art sites in Europe and the largest collection of its kind in the Mediterranean Basin, which is why it holds cultural heritage protection and forms part of a UNESCO-recognized rock art landscape. How old are the cave's archaeological layers? The oldest traces date back around 29,000 years, and the cave was used, with interruptions, until the Magdalenian period roughly 10,000 years ago.

Cova de les Malladetes

Barx

Cova de les Malladetes is one of the most significant archaeological sites on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula, tucked into the western side of the Mondúver massif above the village of Barx, in the La Safor region. What is this place? The site is a large rock shelter rather than a deep cave, with three separate entrance openings of unequal size — the central one reaching 10 metres in height — leading into an interior space of over 100 square metres. Discovered in the late 1920s, it has been the subject of three excavation campaigns: two in the 1940s and 1970s, and a more recent one in 2016–2017. Its stratigraphic layers reveal a long sequence of human occupation spanning the Upper Palaeolithic, Epipalaeolithic, Neolithic, and Eneolithic periods. The most valuable levels belong to the Aurignacian, the earliest phase of the Upper Palaeolithic, marking the arrival of Homo sapiens on the Levantine coast. Recent research has produced 29 new radiocarbon dates that have helped clarify the chronology of the Aurignacian and Gravettian cultures in the area. What will you see? Archaeological finds from the site include pottery, flint tools, arrowheads, bone implements, engraved plaques, and human remains, alongside rich palaeoenvironmental data used to reconstruct climatic shifts throughout Levantine prehistory. The artefacts themselves are not displayed at the cave — they are held at the Museu de Prehistòria de València and the Museu Arqueològic de Gandia, where visitors can see them up close. On site, the main draw is the shelter's structure itself and the views across the Mondúver massif, which is also home to the famous Cova del Parpalló, renowned for its Palaeolithic rock art. Nearby, it's worth combining a visit with the Font del Cirer spring, an 18th-century ice house (nevera), and the Puig Mola recreational area, popular with locals from Barx. How to get there? The site sits in the mountainous terrain of the western Mondúver massif, within the municipality of Barx. Access is via hiking trails that lead into the massif — there are no fixed opening hours as at a museum; instead, it functions as a stop along local hiking and nature routes. Sturdy trekking shoes and plenty of water are recommended, as the approach crosses mountainous ground. When to visit? Spring and autumn are the best times for a hike here, when temperatures in the Safor mountains are milder than in high summer. Summer heat in this part of Valencia can make longer approaches demanding, so an early-morning start is advisable. Frequently asked questions Can you go inside the cave? The site isn't run as a museum with regular opening hours — access is via hiking trails across the Mondúver massif, and the archaeological finds themselves are displayed elsewhere. Where can I see the finds from Cova de les Malladetes? The artefacts are held at the Museu de Prehistòria de València and the Museu Arqueològic de Gandia. How does this site differ from the nearby Cova del Parpalló? Both caves lie within the Mondúver massif, but Parpalló is best known for its rich Palaeolithic rock art, while Malladetes stands out for its long stratigraphic sequence running from the Upper Palaeolithic to the Eneolithic, and for the earliest traces of Homo sapiens in the region. What else is worth seeing nearby? Close by you'll find the Font del Cirer spring, the historic 18th-century ice house (nevera), and the Puig Mola recreational area.

Tito Bustillo Cave

Ribadesella/Ribeseya

Tito Bustillo Cave is one of Spain's most significant painted caves, tucked at the edge of Ribadesella on the Asturian coast, right beside the Sella river. Inside, faded but still striking prehistoric artwork survives from thousands of years ago, protected as part of the region's celebrated group of Paleolithic caves in northern Spain. What's inside the cave? People sheltered here well before 10,000 BC. At some point thousands of years later, a rockfall sealed the cave's original entrance, and that collapse turned out to be a stroke of luck: it kept the tools, everyday objects, and wall paintings inside untouched until they were rediscovered in 1968. Most of the evidence of human presence points to the Magdalenian culture of the Upper Paleolithic, though the cave may have been used even earlier. Among the standout images are horses and other animals, drawn with techniques that cleverly use the natural contours of the rock to add volume and movement to the figures. How do you get to Tito Bustillo Cave? The cave sits right on the edge of Ribadesella, an easy stop just off the main Asturian coastal road. By car, the N-632 connects Ribadesella with Gijón, Oviedo, and other coastal towns. The regional FEVE train also stops in the town center, a short walk from the cave entrance. The nearest airport is Asturias Airport (OVD), roughly an hour's drive away. What should you know before visiting? Because the paintings are extremely sensitive to humidity, temperature, and light, only a limited number of visitors are allowed inside each day, and access is guided, in small groups only. A typical visit lasts about an hour and covers the main galleries where the paintings survive. Next to the cave, an interpretation center displays reconstructions, painting replicas, and background material on the discovery — a useful stop before heading into the cave itself. When's the best time to visit? The cave is open to visitors most of the year, aside from occasional closures for conservation work. Daily visitor numbers are capped, so booking ahead is worthwhile, especially in the busy summer months of July and August. Spring and early autumn are a good compromise if you'd rather skip the crowds while still enjoying Ribadesella's beaches and cliffs. What else is worth seeing nearby? Ribadesella itself is a well-liked seaside town, with a beach, a working fishing harbor, and an old quarter on the far bank of the Sella estuary. The wider area also holds other regional archaeological sites, plus the stretch of the Sella river famous for kayak descents and the annual Descenso del Sella canoe race. Frequently asked questions Can you visit Tito Bustillo Cave without a guide? No. Visits run only in small, guided groups with a capped number of visitors per day, to protect the paintings. How long does a visit take? A standard visit lasts about an hour and covers the galleries with the preserved cave paintings. Do you need to book tickets in advance? Yes — daily capacity is limited, particularly in summer, so booking ahead is strongly recommended. What's the easiest way to reach the cave from Oviedo or Gijón? Driving along the N-632 coastal road is the most convenient option; the regional FEVE train to Ribadesella is a good alternative, with a short walk from the station to the cave.

Belmaco Archeological Park

Villa de Mazo

Belmaco Archaeological Park is one of the most significant prehistoric sites on La Palma, located in the municipality of Villa de Mazo, in the Tigalate ravine, roughly 350 metres above sea level and just a few kilometres from the island's eastern coast. What will you see? The park is made up of ten natural caves and an area covered in mysterious rock carvings. Inside the caves, traces of ancient domestic life survive — the remains of hearths, stone tools and pottery fragments. These finds show that the site was inhabited by the Benahoaritas, the indigenous people of La Palma who lived on the island before the Spanish conquest. The main draw are the petroglyphs carved into volcanic rock: spirals, circles, meanders and interconnected lines. Their exact meaning is still unknown — researchers link them to religious rituals, cosmological beliefs, or even early astronomical mapping. The Cueva de Belmaco is considered the first documented archaeological site in the Canary Islands, and the whole area holds official Cultural Heritage Asset status under the Archaeological Zone category. How to get there? The park sits in Villa de Mazo, in the south-eastern part of La Palma. The easiest way to reach it is by car, following the road up into the Tigalate ravine, where a car park and visitor centre mark the entrance. From there, a clearly signposted trail winds through dense vegetation, lined with information panels that explain the site's history and the daily life of the island's earliest inhabitants. When to visit? The park can be visited year-round thanks to La Palma's mild climate, though spring and autumn offer the most comfortable conditions, with moderate temperatures and the ravine's vegetation at its lushest. Morning visits are worthwhile too, as the low sunlight brings out the detail in the rock carvings. History of the discovery The first petroglyphs at the site were discovered in 1752 by Domingo Vandewalle — the earliest find of its kind anywhere in the Canary archipelago. That discovery kicked off decades of research into the Benahoaritas, the pre-European inhabitants of the island, and Belmaco has since become a reference point for archaeologists studying the prehistory of the islands. Who is it for? Belmaco Archaeological Park appeals to anyone interested in history, archaeology and the pre-Hispanic culture of the Canary Islands. The short educational trail through the caves and carvings also makes a good option for families with children — the walk is easy and the information accessible, so visitors leave with a solid sense of the island's distant past without a demanding hike. Frequently asked questions What are the petroglyphs at Belmaco? They are rock carvings cut into volcanic stone — spirals, circles, meanders and lines — left by the Benahoaritas, the indigenous inhabitants of La Palma. Their precise meaning has never been conclusively established. How many caves are inside the park? The park includes ten natural caves, where archaeologists have found evidence of habitation, including hearth remains, stone tools and pottery fragments. Who discovered the Belmaco site? The first petroglyphs were discovered in 1752 by Domingo Vandewalle, marking the earliest documented find of its kind in the Canary Islands. Do you need to be fit to visit the park? No — the trail is short, well-marked and only moderately sloped, making it suitable for most visitors, including families with children.

Avenc del Daví

Sant Llorenç Savall

Avenc del Daví is one of the best-known karst caves in Sant Llorenç Savall, tucked into the heart of the Sant Llorenç del Munt i l'Obac Natural Park. It is a vertical pothole (an "avenc" in Catalan) that has drawn cavers, naturalists, and curious hikers for more than a century. How do you get there? The starting point is Coll d'Estenalles, a mountain pass on the road to Sant Llorenç Savall, where you'll find a large car park and the park's interpretation centre — a good stop before heading out to learn more about the area's geology and wildlife. From there, a trail leads toward Els Òbits, from which the cave entrance is just a short walk away. The route forms part of the wider network of hiking paths across the massif that draw visitors to the park throughout the year. What will you see? The entrance to Avenc del Daví is wide and unusual: two openings on either side of a wedged rock block form a kind of natural bridge over the shaft. The main pothole drops around 65 metres, and the full system of passages runs to roughly 250 metres in total length. At the foot of the shaft lies an impressively large chamber, one of the cave's main draws for those exploring it with proper caving equipment. The cave also holds real ecological weight. It shelters one of the region's largest bat hibernation colonies — estimates put the wintering population at several thousand individuals. To protect them, entry is banned from 1 November to 31 May. Two protected endemic species also live here under the area's Natural Interest Spaces Plan: the beetle Troglocharinus kiesenwetteri sanllorensi and the aquatic isopod Stenasellus virei, found only in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula. Avenc del Daví carries its own history, too. It was first explored back in 1912 by members of the Centre Excursionista de Terrassa, accompanied by geologist Marià Faura i Sans. Local folklore also ties the cave to counterfeiters, said to have used it as a hiding place for forged coins. When should you visit? Summer through early autumn — roughly June to October — is the best window, since access isn't restricted during this period thanks to the bat protection rules. Keep in mind that going inside the cave requires proper caving gear and experience; this is not a spot for casual visitors without preparation. The surrounding area, including the approach via Coll d'Estenalles and Els Òbits, is enjoyable year-round and offers fine views over the Sant Llorenç del Munt massif. Frequently asked questions Can I go inside the cave without caving experience? It's not advisable. Descending the 65-metre shaft requires proper equipment and technical skill. Visitors without experience should go with a local caving club or a qualified guide. Why is access restricted in winter? A large bat colony hibernates in the cave from 1 November to 31 May. The seasonal ban protects the bats from disturbance during hibernation. How far is the cave from the Coll d'Estenalles car park? The approach runs via Els Òbits and forms part of the park's popular hiking trail network, suited both to those heading directly to the cave and to hikers simply passing nearby. Does the cave hold any unique species? Yes — two protected endemic species live here: the beetle Troglocharinus kiesenwetteri sanllorensi and the aquatic isopod Stenasellus virei, found only in northeastern Spain.

Avenc petit de Can Garrigosa

Matadepera

Avenc Petit de Can Garrigosa is a small vertical cave (avenc) in the municipality of Matadepera, tucked into the wooded slopes of the Sant Llorenç del Munt i l'Obac Natural Park. It sits close to the Can Garrigosa masia, a farmhouse with medieval roots, and near a larger sinkhole that shares its name — the two are easy to mix up. What exactly is an avenc? An avenc is the Catalan term for a vertical karst shaft — a hole dropping straight down into the rock, unlike the horizontal passages typical of classic caves. Avenc Petit runs roughly 6 metres deep, making it one of the more modest examples of its kind in the area. Descending into it requires caving equipment and experience; this is not a walk-in attraction but rather a landmark along the hiking routes that cross the massif. Where exactly is it located? The shaft lies among the old masies scattered around Matadepera, in a stretch of the park known for its dense network of caves and sinkholes carved into the limestone bedrock of Sant Llorenç del Munt. Nearby, besides the larger Avenc de Can Garrigosa, other known cavities such as Avenc de Can Pèlags dot the same patch of terrain — one of the more heavily karstified corners of the massif. How do you get there? Matadepera itself is the most convenient starting point, with hiking and cycling trails leading into the natural park. A popular route links several historic masies — Can Robert, Can Garrigosa, Cal Pèlecs and Can Bofí — and passes near the avenc's surroundings, letting walkers and trail runners take in the area even without descending into the shaft. A trail map is worth carrying, since cave entrances here are often poorly marked and easy to miss under the thick undergrowth. What else is worth seeing nearby? The Can Garrigosa masia itself, while private and closed to visitors inside, is a striking piece of the region's cultural landscape — stone farmhouses of this kind are scattered across Sant Llorenç del Munt and testify to centuries of agricultural settlement in these hills. The park more broadly offers views of its distinctive red conglomerate rock formations, oak and pine woodland, and a dense trail network linking the various peaks and valleys. When is the best time to visit? Spring and autumn are the best seasons for hiking this part of the massif, when temperatures stay mild and the vegetation is at its lushest. Summers in this part of Catalonia can turn quite hot, especially on exposed stretches of trail, so early morning starts are advisable if visiting in that season. Frequently asked questions Can you go inside Avenc Petit de Can Garrigosa? Descending it requires caving equipment and experience — it's not a spot for casual, unprepared exploration. Is this avenc different from the nearby Avenc de Can Garrigosa? Yes, they're two separate features with similar names — Avenc Petit is smaller and shallower than the larger avenc found in the same area. Are there other caves worth visiting nearby? Yes, the area around Matadepera and the Sant Llorenç del Munt massif holds numerous avencs and caves, including the nearby Avenc de Can Pèlags. Is there an entrance fee to reach the avenc? No, the site sits within the open terrain of the natural park, freely accessible to hikers on marked trails.

Cueva de Ardales

Ardales

Cueva de Ardales is a karst cave right next to the town of Ardales, in the province of Málaga, in the heart of Andalusia. It ranks among the most significant rock art sites in Europe — its walls, ceilings, stalagmites and fallen blocks hold more than a thousand paintings and engravings created over tens of thousands of years. The oldest red ochre markings on the flowstone formations are over 64,000 years old, and research published in leading scientific journals has confirmed they were made by Neanderthals, long before Homo sapiens arrived in the region. That makes Cueva de Ardales one of the oldest known examples of cave art anywhere in the world. What will you see inside? The cave was used by different groups of people across more than 50,000 years, and the layered markings reflect that long, repeated occupation. Inside, visitors can see red pigment applied directly onto stalagmites, engraved geometric motifs, and traces of human activity spanning from the Neanderthal period into later prehistoric eras. A guide leads each group through the passages, explaining the context behind individual panels and why generations of visitors returned to mark this same site. How do you get there and book a visit? Cueva de Ardales sits about 62.5 km from the city of Málaga, within the municipality of Ardales, close to the Caminito del Rey and El Chorro area — making it easy to pair with another outing in the region. The cave can only be visited on a guided tour, in groups of up to 15 people, and only by prior reservation. Tickets need to be bought in advance through the official booking platform, or by phone or email through the Centro de la Prehistoria de Ardales. That same center, located in the town of Ardales, is the meeting point — visitors should arrive there a few minutes before the tour with their ticket ready to show. When should you go, and how long does it take? Guided visits run on set days of the week, usually in the morning, with an additional afternoon slot on certain days. The full activity, including a stop at the Centro de la Prehistoria plus the walk through the cave itself, takes around three hours, with roughly two hours of that spent inside the cave. It's worth booking well ahead, since each group has a strict size limit and demand for this site can be high, especially during peak tourist season. Who is this visit suitable for? Because of the terrain and conditions inside the cave, there are some age restrictions: children under 8 are not permitted inside, and the visit is not recommended for adults over 70. Worth keeping in mind when planning a family or group trip — if in doubt, it's best to check directly with the organizers before buying tickets. Frequently asked questions Can I visit the cave on my own, without a guide? No — entry is only possible as part of an organized group with a guide, and a reservation is required in advance. How many people are in each tour group? Groups are capped at a maximum of 15 people, which helps protect the paintings inside. How long does the whole visit take? Including the stop at the Centro de la Prehistoria, the full activity takes about three hours, roughly two of which are spent inside the cave itself. Is the cave suitable for children? Children under 8 are not allowed inside due to the nature of the route and conditions within the cave.

Cueva de Nerja

Nerja

Cueva de Nerja is a large cave system located in the town of Nerja, in the province of Malaga, in Spain's Andalusia region. Carved into the slopes of the Sierra de Almijara mountains, it ranks among the most visited underground attractions in the country. What will you see inside? The underground network of passages and chambers stretches for nearly 5 kilometers, though visitors only have access to a designated, developed section. The interior is filled with striking rock formations — stalactites and stalagmites, some of which are considered among the largest known anywhere. Under artificial lighting, the walls and ceilings glow and shimmer, creating a scene that feels like a natural cathedral shaped by water over millennia. One of the chambers, thanks to its acoustics and scale, functions as a natural amphitheater. Concerts and cultural events are held here regularly, giving the site a rare mix of natural wonder and living cultural venue. The cave also holds scientific significance — it is an archaeological site where traces of human presence dating back thousands of years have been uncovered. Some of the findings connected to this prehistoric human activity are presented to visitors as part of the exhibition along the tour route. How do you get there? The cave sits right next to the town of Nerja, at the eastern edge of the Costa del Sol, a short distance from the town center. Driving is the most convenient option, with a visitor parking area available on site. Buses also run from nearby coastal towns, including Malaga, from where the trip takes roughly an hour. The entrance is clearly marked, and the tourist route runs along paved paths and staircases, making the visit manageable — though expect a fair number of steps and noticeably higher humidity than outside. When is the best time to visit? Inside the cave, the temperature stays fairly stable throughout the year, so a visit makes sense in any season. In summer, when the Andalusian heat outside can be intense, the cooler cave interior offers a welcome break. That said, summer months also bring heavier crowds, especially around midday. Visitors hoping to avoid the busiest periods should consider an early morning visit or a trip outside the peak holiday season. It's also worth checking the schedule of cultural events, since concerts held in the amphitheater chamber happen periodically and tend to draw additional visitors. How long should you plan for? A standard tour along the accessible route usually takes around an hour. Factor in extra time for travel, buying tickets, and perhaps a stop at nearby viewpoints, which offer views over the surrounding hills and coastline. Frequently asked questions Is it cold inside the cave? The interior maintains a steady, moderate temperature year-round, making it a comfortable place to visit in both summer and winter. Is the route suitable for children and older visitors? The tour path includes a number of stairs, so visitors with limited mobility should check accessibility details in advance. For children, the cave is generally an engaging and safe experience. Are cultural events held here? Yes — one of the chambers has the acoustic properties of a natural amphitheater and regularly hosts concerts and other events. Is it worth combining the visit with exploring Nerja itself? Definitely. The cave is close to the town center, making it easy to pair the visit with a walk through Nerja's old town and a stop at the nearby beaches.

Cova de l'Argamassa

Ulldemolins

Cova de l'Argamassa is a rock cave near the town of Ulldemolins, in the Priorat region of Catalonia, right at the foot of the Montsant massif. It's the largest of several caves scattered through this stretch of the valley, sharing the landscape with neighbours like Cova Fumada and Cova de la Columna, both familiar names to local hikers. How do you get to Cova de l'Argamassa? The cave sits inside the Congost de Fraguera, a gorge crossed by several marked hiking trails starting from Ulldemolins. The easiest approach is on foot straight from the town centre, heading toward the hills that frame the valley. Expect rocky, occasionally steep ground, so sturdy hiking boots are a good idea. Reaching the cave usually takes a little over an hour one way, depending on which trail variant you follow. What will you see there? What stands out about Cova de l'Argamassa is its sheer scale — a wide, open rock shelter carved into the limestone wall, typical of the karst scenery around Montsant. Standing inside gives a real sense of Priorat's raw, untamed character, with views over scrubland slopes and the jagged rock formations the region is known for. Further along the same trail lies the Ermita de Sant Bartomeu, a 14th-century Romanesque hermitage that acts as a natural endpoint for many routes linking the area's caves. When is the best time to visit? Spring and autumn are the best seasons, when Priorat's temperatures stay mild and the trails aren't baking under summer sun. In summer the rocky terrain heats up fast, so an early morning start is worth planning for. Winter can make the path trickier due to damp, slippery stone, but on a clear day the cave is accessible year-round. Who is this attraction for? Cova de l'Argamassa suits travellers who enjoy pairing hiking with discovering Catalonia's lesser-known natural corners. There's no crowd and no built infrastructure here — it's about the landscape itself, so bring water and a torch if you plan to explore deeper into the rock shelter. Frequently asked questions Is Cova de l'Argamassa signposted and easy to find? Yes, the cave lies along hiking trails starting from Ulldemolins, though the markings can be sparse — a map or GPS app helps. Do you need caving experience to visit? No, Cova de l'Argamassa is an open rock shelter rather than an underground tunnel system, so an average hiking fitness level is enough. How long does the full trip from Ulldemolins take? Depending on the route chosen and whether you continue to the Ermita de Sant Bartomeu, the outing takes anywhere from two to four hours. Are there other attractions worth visiting nearby? Yes, the same area holds Cova Fumada and Cova de la Columna, and the trails also lead to the 14th-century Romanesque hermitage of Sant Bartomeu.

Cave of Enebralejos

Prádena

Cave of Enebralejos is one of the most notable karst caves in the province of Segovia, located near the village of Prádena, roughly 45 km north of the regional capital. At 3,670 metres in length, it is the largest known cavity on the northern edge of the Sistema Central mountain range, combining striking rock formations with traces of settlement dating back four millennia. What will you see inside? The visitor route winds through chambers and galleries lined with an impressive array of speleothems — stalactites, stalagmites, columns, flowstones and draperies — shaped over thousands of years as calcium carbonate slowly built up from dripping water. The contrast between the illuminated formations and the surrounding darkness makes a strong impression, even on visitors who have never toured a cave before. The site also carries real archaeological weight. The hill containing the cave's entrance once held an early Bronze Age settlement, and the cave itself served that community as a burial site, dated to between 2000 and 1800 BC. This makes it a rare case of a cave that pairs natural geological interest with genuine historical significance. How do you get there? Prádena sits in the northern part of Segovia province, within the Sierra de Segovia area. Driving from the city of Segovia typically takes about 45 minutes along local roads through the Sierra de Guadarrama. It's a popular day-trip destination, often paired with a walk through the village itself and the surrounding hills. What is the visit like? Access to the cave is only possible with a guide, in groups usually ranging from 15 to 25 people. The visit itself lasts around 45 minutes and covers the cave's most representative sections. Warm clothing is recommended, since the interior holds a constant temperature of roughly 14–16°C year-round, a typical feature of karst systems at this depth. Because group sizes are limited and entries follow the opening hours of the park and its accompanying exhibition, it's worth checking the current visiting schedule in advance or booking a spot by phone. When is the best time to visit? Since the cave's internal temperature stays stable throughout the year, the Cave of Enebralejos can be visited in both summer and winter — one of the few attractions in the region unaffected by surface weather. During the summer season, expect heavier tourist traffic and longer waits to join a group, so weekdays outside peak holiday periods tend to be more convenient. Frequently asked questions How long does the cave visit last? A standard guided visit lasts around 45 minutes and covers the main chambers and galleries featuring the cave's rock formations. Can you visit the cave without a guide? No — entry is allowed only in guided groups, both to protect the delicate karst formations and for visitor safety. How far is Prádena from Segovia? The village lies about 45 km from Segovia, within the Sierra de Segovia area; driving there usually takes under an hour. Should I bring warm clothing? Yes — inside the cave, the temperature stays constant at around 14–16°C regardless of the season or weather outside.

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Tito Bustillo Cave

Belmaco Archeological Park

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Avenc petit de Can Garrigosa

Cueva de Ardales

Cueva de Nerja

Cova de l'Argamassa

Cave of Enebralejos

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