Bardenas Reales

Bardenas Reales is a semi-desert badlands region covering roughly 42,000–42,500 hectares in southeastern Navarre, Spain, sitting right at the heart of the Ebro depression. The landscape stretches 45 km from north to south and 24 km from east to west, making it one of the most striking natural sights in this part of Spain.

How did this lunar landscape form?

The ground here is made up of clay, chalk, and sandstone. Over thousands of years, water and wind eroded these soft rocks into canyons, plateaus, tabular formations, and isolated hills known locally as cabezos. Vegetation is scarce, and the many streams crossing the territory follow a markedly seasonal pattern, staying dry for most of the year and filling only after heavy rain.

What makes each part of the park different?

Bardenas Reales is divided into three distinct zones. El Plano is the flattest section of the region. Bardena Blanca offers an almost lunar landscape of gypsum and clay formations, where ravines lead up to summits topped by distinctive "heads" — among them Castildetierra, El Fraile (the Friar), and Cortinillas. Bardena Negra is noticeably greener, covered in Aleppo pine forests that reveal just how varied this seemingly uniform desert territory really is.

Who has used this land for centuries?

For generations, Bardenas Reales served as shared grazing land for shepherds, under a communal system dating back to the year 882, when these rights were granted by the King of Navarre. In some form, these rules still apply today, making the area a rare living example of a pastoral tradition over a thousand years old. Since the 1950s, parts of the park have also been used by the Spanish Air Force for training exercises, which restricts access to certain sectors at times.

What wildlife lives here?

The region is an important migratory corridor for birds traveling between Africa and Europe, with more than a hundred species recorded passing through during migration seasons. Permanent residents include eagles, vultures, owls, foxes, and wildcats, while amphibians and reptiles inhabit the damper corners among thickets and salt marshes covered in saltwort and esparto grass.

Why was Bardenas Reales recognized by UNESCO?

In 2000, the area was designated a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, confirming its exceptional natural and cultural value. The park has also become a popular filming location — scenes from the James Bond film "The World Is Not Enough" and the series "Game of Thrones" were shot here, drawing additional attention from visitors around the world.

How should you plan a visit?

A good starting point is the Visitor Information and Reception Centre of the Bardenas Reales Natural Park, where maps and route guidance are available. Visitors can choose from mountain bike (BTT) routes and three walking trails, plus a 25 km perimeter track open to vehicles. The park is open daily from 8:00 AM until one hour before sunset. Spring and autumn are considered the best times to visit, thanks to milder temperatures and increased wildlife activity, especially among birds of prey.

Frequently asked questions

Is entry to the park free? Access along the main perimeter track is free of charge.

What is the best season to visit? Spring and autumn, due to milder temperatures and greater bird activity.

Is the entire park open to visitors? No — parts of the area are periodically closed due to Spanish Air Force training exercises.